Summary of Key Facts on Traditional Medicine and Ayurveda

• Global Scope:

  • Traditional medicine is practiced in 88% of WHO member states (170 out of 194 countries).
  • It serves as primary healthcare for billions, especially in low- and middle-income nations due to its accessibility and affordability.

• Market Growth:

  • Global traditional medicine market projected to reach $583 billion by 2025, with annual growth rates of 10%-20%.
  • Sector valuations include:
    • China’s Traditional Chinese Medicine: $122.4 billion.
    • Australia’s Herbal Medicine: $3.97 billion.
    • India’s AYUSH sector: $43.4 billion.

• Transformation in India:

  • The AYUSH sector includes over 92,000 MSMEs and has expanded nearly eight-fold in less than a decade.
  • Revenue growth in the manufacturing sector from ₹21,697 crore (2014-15) to over ₹1.37 lakh crore.
  • The services sector generates ₹1.67 lakh crore in revenue.

• Global Exports:

  • India exports AYUSH and herbal products worth $1.54 billion to over 150 countries.
  • Ayurveda recognized as a medical system in several nations, improving India’s economic opportunity and soft power.

• Public Awareness and Use:

  • National Sample Survey Office (2022-23) showed:
    • 95% awareness in rural areas and 96% in urban centres.
    • Over 50% of the population reported using AYUSH systems the previous year, with Ayurveda as the preferred choice for rejuvenation and preventive care.

• Research Initiatives:

  • India invests in traditional medicine research through institutions like:
    • All India Institute of Ayurveda.
    • Institute of Teaching and Research in Ayurveda.
    • National Institute of Ayurveda.
    • Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences.

• International Cooperation and Agreements:

  • Ministry of AYUSH’s International Cooperation Scheme led to:
    • 25 bilateral agreements and 52 institutional partnerships.
    • Establishment of 43 AYUSH Information Cells in 39 countries and 15 academic chairs at foreign universities.

• WHO Global Traditional Medicine Centre:

  • Located in India, aiming to integrate traditional medicine with modern science and technologies, including AI.
  • WHO publication emphasizes AI’s role in enhancing clinical validation and predictive care in traditional medicine systems.

• Holistic Philosophy of Ayurveda:

  • Ayurveda emphasizes balance between body, mind, humans, and nature, making it a comprehensive solution for contemporary health and environmental challenges.
  • Its relevance extends beyond human wellness to include veterinary care and plant health.

• Upcoming Observance:

  • Ayurveda Day celebrated on September 23, with the theme for 2025 being "Ayurveda for People & Planet."

• Health Care Approach:

  • India’s effort to mainstream traditional medicine emphasizes preventive, affordable, inclusive, and sustainable healthcare.
  • Ayurveda is framed as a movement that connects traditional knowledge with modern needs, enhancing its role in global health architecture.

This summary underscores the vital role of traditional medicine and Ayurveda, reflecting a blend of ancient wisdom and modern scientific advancements, positioning them as integral to future health policy and practice.

Summary of Perplexity’s AI Browser Launch: Comet

• Product Launch: Perplexity announced its AI browser, Comet, targeted primarily at professionals using the internet for work and research.
• Availability:
  • Initially launched in July 2025.
  • Currently available for Pro subscribers on Mac and Windows platforms.
  • Android versions are available for pre-order on the Google Play Store, but no specific release date is provided.
• Features:
  • AI Assistant: Comet includes a feature called Comet Assistant, which automates routine tasks such as:
    • Managing tabs
    • Summarizing emails and calendar events
    • Navigating through web pages
  • Unique Interface: Differentiates itself from traditional browsers (e.g., Google Chrome, Microsoft Edge) by offering a dedicated workspace for information access.
  • Reading Tracking: Monitors user activity to suggest relevant content and keep track of materials being used.
  • Task Automation: Allows users to issue text-based commands to the AI assistant for functions such as purchasing products, scheduling meetings, or converting web pages into emails.
• Future Developments: Perplexity plans to enhance the browser’s capabilities and features in the future.

This summary serves to outline key aspects of Perplexity's Comet browser, highlighting its innovative approach to merging AI functionality with web browsing in a professional context.

• C.V. Raman:

  • First and only Indian Nobel Laureate in Physics.
  • Renowned for contributions to the understanding of light scattering, known as the Raman Effect.

• Meghnad Saha:

  • Notable for contributions to astrophysics.
  • Known for developing the Saha Equation, which explains the thermal ionization of elements.
  • Advocated for the application of science for public welfare, highlighting a difference in approach from Raman.

• Career and Influence:

  • Both scientists were active during the colonial era and received their education in Calcutta.
  • Raman moved to Bangalore due to political dissatisfaction, influencing the establishment of scientific institutes.

• Scientific Contributions:

  • Raman's research led to key discoveries in physics, with implications in both science and technology.
  • Saha’s work influenced the field of astronomy and sparked interests in the thermal properties of stars, aiding in understanding stellar atmospheres.

• Contextual Background:

  • The podcast references their differing perspectives: Raman's apolitical approach versus Saha's focus on societal impact through science.

• Legacy:

  • Both scientists have left a significant legacy within the Indian scientific community, influencing future generations and promoting the importance of science in addressing societal issues.

• Historical Significance:

  • Their collaborations and individual journeys reflect the wider narrative of Indian science during the colonial period, showcasing the impact of colonialism on scientific development.

This summary highlights the key contributions and significance of C.V. Raman and Meghnad Saha in the realm of science, particularly during India's colonial era, along with their differing philosophies and influences on society.

Summary of Traditional Medicine Insights

WHO Insights on Traditional Medicine:

• 88% of WHO member states (170 out of 194) practice traditional medicine.
• Traditional medicine is crucial for health care in low- and middle-income countries due to accessibility and affordability.
• It contributes to biodiversity conservation, nutrition security, and sustainable livelihoods.

Market Growth Projections:

• The global traditional medicine market projected to reach $583 billion by 2025, with annual growth rates of 10%-20%.
  • China: Traditional Chinese medicine valued at $122.4 billion.
  • Australia: Herbal medicine industry valued at $3.97 billion.
  • India: AYUSH sector valued at $43.4 billion.

India's AYUSH Sector:

• The AYUSH industry includes Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy.
• The sector has grown eight-fold in less than a decade.
• Manufacturing sector revenue rose from ₹21,697 crore in 2014-15 to over ₹1.37 lakh crore; services sector revenue reached ₹1.67 lakh crore.
• India exports AYUSH products worth $1.54 billion to over 150 countries.

Public Awareness and Usage:

• National Sample Survey Office (2022-23) found 95% awareness of AYUSH in rural areas and 96% in urban centres.
• Over 50% of the population used AYUSH systems in the past year, with Ayurveda preferred for rejuvenation and preventive care.

Research and Development:

• Significant investment in AYUSH research through institutions like:
  • All India Institute of Ayurveda
  • Institute of Teaching and Research in Ayurveda
  • National Institute of Ayurveda
  • Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences
• Focus on clinical validation, drug standardisation, and integrative care models.

International Collaboration:

• The Ministry of AYUSH’s International Cooperation Scheme:
  • 25 bilateral agreements and 52 institutional partnerships.
  • 43 AYUSH Information Cells in 39 countries.
  • 15 academic chairs established in foreign universities.

WHO Global Traditional Medicine Centre:

• Established in India to integrate traditional medicine into modern science and digital health.
• Emphasis on using emerging technologies like AI for clinical validation, big-data analytics, and predictive care.

Ayurveda's Holistic Approach:

• Core philosophy emphasizes balance—between body and mind, humans and nature, and conservation.
• Addresses personal wellness and global issues such as lifestyle diseases and climate change.
• Envisions a comprehensive approach to health, including veterinary and plant health.

2025 Focus Theme:

• Theme “Ayurveda for People & Planet” announced for September 23 (Ayurveda Day).
• Highlights the potential of traditional knowledge systems for a balanced and sustainable future.

Conclusion:

• India is aimed at mainstreaming traditional medicine globally, promoting an approach that is preventive, affordable, inclusive, and sustainable.
• The integration of ancient wisdom with modern technology stresses the growing importance of traditional medicine in global health architecture.

Key Points:

• WHO states 88% of countries practice traditional medicine.
• Traditional medicine market to reach $583 billion by 2025.
• AYUSH sector has grown remarkably, contributing significant revenue.
• High public awareness and usage of AYUSH systems in India.
• Extensive international cooperation and research investments in Ayush.
• WHO Global Traditional Medicine Centre established in India.
• Ayurveda offers holistic health solutions addressing modern challenges.
• 2025 theme emphasizes sustainable health through traditional knowledge.

Summary of Perplexity’s AI Browser - Comet

• Launch & Availability:

  • Perplexity’s AI browser, Comet, launched in July 2025.
  • Currently available for Pro subscribers in India.
  • Available on Mac and Windows; pre-orders for Android on Google Play Store.

• Target Audience:

  • Aimed at individuals who rely on the internet for work, research, and other tasks.

• Key Features:

  • Comet Assistant: Functions as an AI agent to automate routine tasks:

    • Manages tabs, summarizes emails and calendar events.
    • Navigates web pages autonomously.

  • User Interface:

    • Unlike traditional browsers (Google Chrome, Microsoft Edge), Comet uses a workspace design for easy access to necessary information.
    • Tracks user activity to recommend relevant content.

  • AI Sidebar:

    • Offers functionalities like:
      • Sending emails by converting web pages into email formats.
      • Scheduling meetings and making purchases through text-based commands.

• Future Developments:

  • Perplexity plans to enhance Comet’s features further in upcoming updates.

• Market Position:

  • Introduces innovative functionalities aiming to differentiate itself from existing browsers.

• C.V. Raman:

  • First and only Indian Nobel Laureate in Physics.
  • Noted for scientific contributions; focused on pure science and unraveling universal mysteries.
  • Established the Raman Research Institute in Bangalore after migrating from Calcutta.

• Meghnad Saha:

  • Distinguished for his contributions to science, particularly in astrophysics.
  • Came from a different socio-economic background, which shaped his commitment to utilizing science for public benefit.

• Key Context:

  • Both scientists’ paths intersected in Calcutta, which was a hub for scientific development during colonial India.
  • Political atmosphere of the time influenced their decisions and careers, highlighting the intersection of science and socio-political factors.

• Educational and Scientific Contributions:

  • C.V. Raman's work led to the establishment of the Raman Effect, which explains changes in the wavelength of light.
  • Meghnad Saha is known for the Saha equation, essential in astrophysics and explaining the physical and chemical conditions of stars.

• Historical Significance:

  • Their work contributes to India's legacy in science, reinforcing the importance of academic freedom and the impact of scientific research on society.

• Cultural Impact:

  • Both figures represent the era of scientific exploration during colonial rule in India, illustrating a diverse approach towards science influenced by contemporary challenges.

• Podcast Reference:

  • The Rearview Podcast aims to share insights into the history of science through detailed narratives and interpretations of scientists' lives and their work.

These notes encapsulate key details about C.V. Raman and Meghnad Saha's contributions to science and their influence in the context of India's sociopolitical environment during the colonial period.

• Event Overview:

  • Inauguration of AIIFA STEELEX-2025 and the 37th National Conference on Sustainable Steel in Mumbai.

• Key Speakers:

  • Union Minister for Steel and Heavy Industries, Prahlad Joshi, emphasized green steel's strategic importance for India’s sustainable growth.

• Government Initiatives:

  • PM-KUSUM Scheme: Recognized as "Maharashtra Model," supports the transition to sustainable development.
  • Maharashtra’s Green Hydrogen Policy: Target to achieve 5 lakh TPA of Green Hydrogen capacity by 2030; establishment of Pune Hydrogen Valley Innovation Cluster.
  • National Green Hydrogen Mission (NGHM):
    • Allocation: ₹19,744 crore.
    • Goals: Produce 5 million metric tonnes of green hydrogen annually by 2030, add 125 GW renewable energy capacity, attract ₹8 lakh crore investment, create 6 lakh jobs, and prevent 50 million tonnes of CO₂ emissions.

• Current Projects:

  • Five pilot projects in the steel sector worth ₹132 crore underway.
  • Development of major Green Hydrogen Hubs in Kandla, Paradip, and Tuticorin.

• New Schemes Launched:

  • Green Hydrogen Certification Scheme.
  • Green Hydrogen Safety Panel.
  • National Single Window Portal for Green Hydrogen & Electrolyser Manufacturing.

• Market Dynamics:

  • Highlighted price projections: Green hydrogen expected to drop below $2/kg by 2030, influenced by reductions in renewable energy costs.
  • Comparison of energy costs: Solar and hybrid power at ₹4.5 per unit vs. thermal power at ₹6.5 per unit.
  • Impact of GST cuts on renewable energy equipment:
    • Reduced to 5% which will lower solar pump costs for farmers by ₹1,750 crore.
    • Roof solar systems costs reduction of ₹9,000–10,500 per unit.

• Strategic Agreements:

  • Seven strategic MoUs signed, worth ₹25,560 crore; projected to create 22,600 jobs and develop Vidarbha as India’s steel hub.

• Future Outlook:

  • Emphasis on readiness for global trade measures like the EU’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM).
  • Vision for exporting up to 50 million tonnes of steel annually amidst expanding FTAs and domestic reforms.

• AIIFA Overview:

  • Represents over 1,800 members in the steel manufacturing sector advocating for sustainable growth and advancements in steel-making technology.
  • Aims at enhancing product quality while reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

• Green Certification:

  • Launched to recognize steel manufacturers excelling in decarbonization and energy efficiency.

• Key Quotes:

  • Union Minister: "Green steel is now viable and scalable... rooted in affordability, quality, and environmental responsibility."
  • Chief Minister: Acknowledged the emergence of a new market for green steel, underscoring collective responsibility for strategic progress.

• Conclusion:

  • The concerted efforts in promoting green steel and hydrogen technologies are positioned as critical for India’s industrial transformation and sustainable future.

Summary Notes on Chiral Perovskite Films Research

• Topic: Development of chiral perovskite films for next-generation optoelectronic devices.
• Key Properties: Chirality (non-superimposable on its mirror image) that enables unique light-matter interactions, crucial for advanced technology applications like circularly polarized light (CPL) detectors and spintronic devices.
• Materials Focus:
  • Chiral Perovskites: Combinations of chiral molecules with halide perovskites show promise due to enhanced performance.
  • Limitations: Traditional chiral materials have poor electrical charge transport, hindering their use in optoelectronic devices.
• Research Institution: Centre for Nano and Soft Matter Sciences (CeNS), Bengaluru, supported by the Department of Science and Technology (DST).
• Key Findings:
  • Crystallization Mechanism: Insight into how chiral perovskite films crystallize, specifically in methylbenzylammonium copper bromide ((R/S-MBA)₂CuBr₄).
  • Crystallization Process: Begins at the air-film interface and moves towards the substrate.
  • Impurity Control: Identified that unwanted 1D impurity phases due to residual solvent during cooling can affect device quality.
  • Vacuum Processing: Using vacuum processing and selective solvents to reduce impurities leads to more uniform films.
  • Observation Duration: Crystal growth monitored over two weeks, illustrating the evolution of small grains into organized structures.
• Applications: The research paves the way for devices such as:
  • CPL detectors
  • Spintronic elements
  • Photonic synapses
• Future Work: Development of photodetectors based on the researched chiral perovskite films.
• National Relevance: Aligns with India’s objectives to enhance research in semiconductor and optoelectronic manufacturing, positioning the country for leadership in advanced light-based and quantum technologies.

Important Points

• Chirality: Significant for unique interactions in materials science, affecting electron spin control and CPL detection.
• Material Advantages: Halide perovskites provide good charge transport, making them suitable for optoelectronic applications.
• Research Impact: Understanding crystallization mechanisms is crucial for producing phase-pure and oriented chiral perovskite films, enhancing device performance.
• Strategic Implication: Mastery of these materials is essential for India’s advancement in quantum technology fields.

This summary encapsulates the research's critical aspects useful for understanding the advancements in optoelectronics and applications of chiral materials in technology development.

• New National Policy on Geothermal Energy: India's recent policy announced by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) aims to enhance geothermal energy utilization, leveraging international collaboration for commercial viability.

• International Collaborations: Research firms from the US, Iceland, and Norway are interested in pilot projects in regions like the Gulf of Cambay, Arunachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand. The government seeks to explore technological collaborations with the US and Indonesia for enhanced geothermal systems.

• Geothermal Energy Basics: Geothermal energy is harnessed from the Earth's heat, capable of generating electricity through steam. It utilizes hot water springs and deep reservoirs, with applications in heating, cooling, greenhouses, and aquaculture.

• Detection of Hot Springs: The Geological Survey of India (GSI) has identified 381 hot springs across India, with surface temperatures ranging from 35°C to 89°C.

• Estimation of Geothermal Potential: India has an estimated geothermal potential of 10.6 gigawatts (GW), primarily located in:

  • Himalayan Geothermal Province: Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir, Arunachal Pradesh.
  • Cambay Graben: Gujarat, including abandoned oil wells.
  • Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

• Economic Impact: Utilizing geothermal energy could significantly reduce electricity costs in remote areas, e.g., Andaman's costs could drop from ₹30-32 per unit to about ₹10-11; Ladakh’s heating needs can also be met with geothermal sources.

• Global Context: Less than 17 GW of geothermal energy is currently harnessed worldwide, with the US, Indonesia, and Philippines leading. The International Energy Agency (IEA) predicts India's geothermal capacity could reach 4.2 GW by 2035 and nearly 100 GW by 2045, attributing significant market potential to China, the US, and India.

• Refurbishing Oil Wells: Oil and gas firms are repurposing abandoned wells for geothermal energy. IIT Madras is piloting a project in Barmer, Rajasthan, aimed at retrofitting unproductive oil wells to generate electricity.

• Funding Challenges: The developement costs stand at approximately ₹36 crore per megawatt (MW). The new policy includes financial support for R&D and pilot projects and suggests a Viability Gap Funding (VGF) scheme.

• Policy Framework: The MNRE's National Policy on Geothermal Energy facilitates cooperation between stakeholders, including the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, and supports the commercial design and technical feasibility of geothermal projects.

• Future Directions: The MNRE aims to expedite project approvals, having already sanctioned five projects since the policy's announcement. The policy responds to previous recommendations from a task force established in August 2024 to harness geothermal energy in India.

These key points summarize India's initiatives and strategies in developing geothermal energy, highlighting potential economic benefits, international collaborations, and challenges faced in the sector.

Summary of HCL and OIL MoU for Critical Mineral Collaboration

• Date of MoU: September 19, 2025.

• Parties Involved:

  • Hindustan Copper Limited (HCL):

    • Status: Miniratna PSU under the Ministry of Mines.
    • Focus: Mining, production, processing, and marketing of copper and related products.
    • Current Activities: Mining and beneficiation of copper ore; sale of copper concentrate.

  • Oil India Limited (OIL):

    • Status: Maharatna PSU under the Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas.
    • Focus: Integrated oil and gas exploration, development, production, and transportation.

• Objective of MoU:

  • To collaborate on the exploration and development of critical and strategic minerals, particularly copper and associated minerals.
  • To boost India's self-reliance in critical mineral sourcing.

• Strategic Importance:

  • Aligns with the Government of India’s National Critical Mineral Mission aimed at enhancing mineral security.
  • Supports India’s energy security, industrial growth, and technological advancement.

• Key Figures:

  • Representatives present during the signing: Mr. Sanjiv Kumar Singh (Chairman and Managing Director, HCL) and Dr. Ranjit Rath (Chairman & Managing Director, OIL).

• Significance of Critical Minerals:

  • Recognized as essential for the development and sustainability of various sectors, including energy and technology.

This collaboration marks a significant development in India's approach to securing critical mineral resources necessary for its energy and industrial strategies.

Summary Notes on Mosquito-Borne Diseases: Dengue and Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV)

• Overview of the Issue:

  • Mosquito-borne diseases, particularly dengue fever, pose an increasing global health threat due to rapid urbanization and climate change.
  • Global travel has further accelerated the spread of these viruses.

• Research Findings:

  • A study has established that waning immunity against JEV may increase the severity of dengue infections.
  • JEV and dengue belong to the same virus genus, Orthoflavivirus.

• Study Context and Methodology:

  • Conducted during three dengue outbreaks in Dharan, Nepal, between 2019 and 2023.
  • Nepal's vaccination program against JE began in 2006, providing high population immunity against JEV while there was limited exposure to dengue.
  • In total, 546 dengue patients aged 15-65 were analyzed, with blood samples tested for viral serotypes, immune markers, and chymase levels.

• Key Findings:

  • Approximately 61% of participants had pre-existing antibodies neutralizing JEV.
  • Those with JEV immunity (especially at titres of 1:160) exhibited significantly higher chymase levels, an enzyme linked to severe dengue outcomes.
  • Patients with mid-range JEV antibody titres had a 3x increased risk of developing severe dengue symptoms compared to JEV-naïve patients.
  • The study's conclusions remained consistent irrespective of prior dengue exposure, emphasizing the influence of JEV immunity alone on dengue severity.
  • The presence of mid-range antibody levels, influenced by waning immunity, potentially creates a “vulnerable middle zone” where immunity is neither protective nor ineffective.

• Epidemiological Impact:

  • Rising temperatures and extended monsoons are altering dengue epidemiology, leading to larger outbreaks in regions previously experiencing sporadic cases, such as India.
  • The study suggests that countries facing similar climatic challenges need to develop effective strategies to manage dengue outbreaks.

• Implications for Vaccination:

  • Strong evidence supports the need for timely JE vaccine boosters to maintain long-lasting immunity and possibly mitigate severe dengue infections.
  • It was noted that after five years, only 63% of vaccinated individuals maintain neutralizing antibodies against JEV, highlighting the importance of booster vaccinations.

• Chymase as a Biomarker:

  • Chymase has been identified as a significant biomarker for assessing disease severity in dengue, aiding healthcare professionals in managing patient care.

• Global Health Perspective:

  • The interconnectedness of public health in a globalized context means that insights from this study may have far-reaching implications in the broader struggle against infectious diseases.

• Conclusion:

  • The study reinforces the need for integrated public health strategies to counteract the rising burden of dengue, exploit timely vaccination programs, and utilize biomarkers for effective clinical management, potentially saving countless lives.

Important Dates:

• Study conducted from 2019 to 2023
• Findings published in Science Translational Medicine on September 3, 2023.

Constitutional/Policy Around Vaccination:

• No specific constitutional references or governmental policies were mentioned, however, the findings underscore the importance of public health vaccination programs, especially in regions prone to mosquito-borne diseases.

This summary serves as a focused note on the emerging research regarding dengue and JEV, essential for understanding current public health challenges and the significance of vaccine strategies in mitigating such threats.

Summary of Findings on Mosquito-Borne Diseases: Dengue and Japanese Encephalitis

• Global Health Impact: Mosquito-borne diseases, especially dengue and Japanese encephalitis (JE), are increasing threats due to rapid urbanization, climate change, and enhanced global travel.

• Interrelation of Viruses: Both dengue virus and JE virus are part of the Orthoflavivirus genus; their interplay can affect disease outcomes.

• Study Overview: Conducted in Nepal from 2019 to 2023, this study analyzed three major dengue outbreaks and the link between prior JE immunity and dengue severity.

• Research Context:

  • Nepal has a robust JE vaccination program initiated in 2006, resulting in high immunity against JE but limited exposure to dengue prior to recent outbreaks.

• Study Demographics:

  • Involved 546 dengue patients (aged 15-65) during the first three days of illness.
  • Tested for dengue virus serotypes, immune markers, and chymase levels—an enzyme linked to inflammation and severe dengue.

• Key Findings:

  • Pre-existing Immunity: Approximately 61% of participants had neutralizing antibodies against JE.
  • Chymase Levels: Individuals with JE immunity had significantly higher chymase levels, particularly with mid-range antibody titres (1:160).
  • Clinical Outcomes: Patients with mid-range JE antibody titres had three times the risk of developing severe dengue compared to those without JE immunity.

• Antibody Levels Influence: The study found:

  • Moderate antibody levels against JE may worsen dengue outcomes, while very high levels tend to offer protection.
  • This creates a vulnerability zone where waning immunity enhances disease risk.

• Regional Implications: The changing epidemiology of dengue fever, now causing larger outbreaks in traditionally low-incidence areas, has been attributed to climate change, particularly in regions like India.

• Vaccination Insights:

  • JE Vaccine Importance: Vaccination has reduced JE incidence, but the protection wanes. After five years, prevalence of neutralizing antibodies drops to about 63%.
  • Vaccine Strategy: Introduces the need for timely JE vaccine boosters to maintain immunity and mitigate rising severity of dengue.

• Chymase as a Biomarker: The study identifies chymase levels as a vital marker for assessing dengue severity, facilitating early medical intervention.

• Conclusions:

  • Understanding how waning immunity from one flavivirus impacts another is crucial for public health strategy.
  • Timely booster vaccinations for JE may protect against both JE and mitigate severe dengue outcomes.

• Significance: This study underscores the necessity for integrated disease control strategies in response to the interconnected nature of viral diseases exacerbated by climate change and global health dynamics.

Key Takeaways for Exam Preparation:

• Recognize the link between JE immunity and dengue severity.
• Understand the importance of monitoring antibody titre levels.
• Note the rise of dengue due to climate change in Asia and the subsequent need for public health strategies.
• Acknowledge chymase as an emerging biomarker for dengue severity.
• The relevance of timely vaccination in maintaining immunity against flavivirus infections.

• Global Health Threat: Mosquito-borne diseases like dengue fever pose increasing threats, exacerbated by urbanization and climate change, which create favorable breeding conditions for mosquitoes and facilitate viral spread.

• Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) and Dengue: A recent study indicates that waning immunity against the JEV may increase the severity of dengue infections, suggesting that JEV vaccinations could mitigate severe dengue outcomes.

• Research Context: Conducted between 2019-2023 in Nepal, the study leveraged the high population immunity against JEV due to a vaccination program initiated in 2006, while the population had limited prior exposure to dengue.

• Study Design: 546 dengue patients aged 15-65 were enrolled early in their illness. Blood samples were tested for viral serotypes and immune markers, particularly focusing on chymase levels, an enzyme linked to severe dengue.

• Findings:

  • 61% of participants had neutralizing antibodies against JEV.
  • Higher levels of chymase were linked with confirmed JEV immunity.
  • Most significant correlation with mid-range anti-JEV antibody titres (1:160), with 3x higher risk of severe dengue.

• Implications for Public Health:

  • The results imply that people may be vulnerable when JEV antibodies wane to moderate levels, worsening dengue severity.
  • Climate change is rapidly altering the epidemiology of dengue, requiring enhanced preparedness in affected regions, particularly in Asia.

• Vaccination Insights:

  • While JE vaccination lowers incidence rates, antibody levels wane after a few years—only 63% maintain neutralizing antibodies after five years.
  • Timely booster doses of the JEV vaccine are recommended to sustain immunity against both JEV and dengue.

• Chymase as a Biomarker: The study reinforces chymase's role as a biomarker for severe dengue, aiding clinical decision-making in managing patient care.

• Broader Impacts:

  • The interplay between different flavivirus immunities and their health implications underscores the importance of integrated infectious disease strategies.
  • The insights could inform public health measures that save lives in an increasingly interconnected and climate-affected world.

• Conclusion: The need for timely booster shots of the JEV vaccine emerges as essential in combating both JEV and dengue severity, fostering a comprehensive approach to public health in light of rising mosquito-borne diseases.

Summary of Study on Dengue and Japanese Encephalitis Virus Interactions

• Context:

  • Mosquito-borne diseases, particularly dengue and Japanese encephalitis (JE), threaten global health.
  • Rapid urbanization, climate change, and increased global travel have exacerbated the spread of these infections.

• Research Findings:

  • Study published in Science Translational Medicine examined the relationship between waning immunity to JE and severe dengue outcomes in Nepal between 2019 and 2023.
  • The study included three major dengue outbreaks, and 546 patients aged 15-65 years were analyzed.

• Key Data:

  • Approximately 61% of patients had antibodies neutralizing JE due to a successful vaccination program launched in 2006.
  • Those with confirmed JE immunity had elevated levels of chymase, an enzyme linked to severe dengue, particularly with mid-range neutralizing antibody titres (1:160).
  • Patients with anti-JEV titres of 1:160 had a threefold higher risk of developing severe dengue according to WHO classifications.

• Implications:

  • Moderately waning JEV immunity may increase the risk of severe dengue rather than providing protection.
  • The study correlates with past observations in Zika and dengue virus studies indicating that moderate antibody levels may enhance infection severity.
  • Areas with rising temperatures and extended monsoons, including regions in India, are experiencing expedited outbreaks of dengue fever.

• Vaccine Insights:

  • Despite concerns about JE immunity worsening dengue severity, JE vaccination has effectively reduced JE incidence.
  • Antibody titres against JEV decline over time; approximately 63% maintain neutralizing antibodies after five years post-vaccination.
  • Timely booster doses of the JE vaccine are recommended to sustain immunity against both JE and reduce severe dengue risks.

• Biomarker Significance:

  • Chymase is highlighted as a reliable biomarker for predicting severe dengue, providing ergonomic clinical utility in patient care.

• Global Health Strategies:

  • The interplay between different flaviviruses (like JEV and dengue) underscores the necessity for integrated public health approaches.
  • The findings emphasize the need for adaptive strategies to manage mosquito-borne diseases effectively as climate change progresses.

• Conclusion:

  • The complex relationships among viral infections indicate a heightened risk profile for populations with waning immunity.
  • Countries like India should prepare for the anticipated public health challenges posed by increased dengue outbreaks linked to climate change.

This study highlights the interconnected nature of public health crises in a globalized environment and reinforces the importance of vaccination strategies and effective disease management.

Summary of India-AI Impact Summit 2026

Event Overview:

• Name: India-AI Impact Summit 2026
• Dates: February 19-20, 2026
• Location: Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi
• Significance: First AI summit hosted by a Global South nation.

Logo and Core Themes:

• Logo Symbolism: Based on the Ashoka Chakra, representing ethical governance and constitutional values in India's AI journey.
• Guiding Principles (Sutras):
  • People: AI must serve humanity inclusively.
  • Planet: Resource-efficient AI that promotes environmental sustainability.
  • Progress: Equitable distribution of AI benefits across sectors.

Flagship Initiatives:

1. UDAAN - Global AI Pitch Fest:

   • Platform for innovative AI startups, particularly from Tier 2 & 3 cities.
   • Focus on women leaders and differently-abled individuals.

2. YuvaAI Innovation Challenge:

   • Challenges for youth to develop AI-driven solutions to public sector problems.

3. AI by HER:

   • Initiative aimed at inspiring women in AI.

4. Global Innovation Challenge:

   • Encouraging solutions to real-world challenges across diverse sectors.

5. Research Symposium:

   • Gathering of researchers from India and the Global South to present AI research and foster collaborations.

6. AI Expo:

   • Exhibition featuring over 300 exhibitors from India and 30+ countries, highlighting responsible AI.

Foundational AI Projects:

• Initiatives Launched: 8 projects focusing on indigenous AI model development including:
  • Avatar AI: Specializing in Indian languages with up to 70B parameters.
  • Bharat Gen (IIT Bombay): Multilingual models for diverse applications.
  • Fractal Analytics: Large reasoning model for structured tasks.
  • Tech Mahindra: Focus on Hindi dialects and government applications.
  • Various other projects aimed at agriculture, healthcare, and material science advancements.

AI Data and AI Labs:

• Launch of 30 Labs: Part of a 570-lab national network to enhance AI education and training.
• Courses: Training in data annotation and curation for entry-level participation in the AI economy.

IndiaAI Fellowship Program:

• Supporting 13,500 scholars across all academic levels, bringing together diverse fields from engineering to arts.
• Digital Application Portal: For progress tracking and mentorship.

Seven Chakras for Implementation:

• Human Capital: Focus on skilling and workforce transformation.
• Inclusion for Social Empowerment: Ensure representation of diverse identities in AI.
• Safe and Trusted AI: Build governance frameworks for AI deployment.
• Resilience, Innovation, and Efficiency: Promote AI solutions adaptable to local contexts.
• Science: Promote responsible research and foster ecosystem partnerships.
• Democratizing AI Resources: Ensure equitable access to critical AI resources and infrastructure.
• AI for Economic Development & Social Good: Scale AI solutions addressing public interest.

Global Cooperation:

• The Summit will facilitate discussions among world leaders and innovators to shape inclusive and equitable AI policies.
• India’s role as a major player in advancing global AI discourse, particularly within the Global South.

This summary encapsulates the strategic vision and initiatives surrounding the India-AI Impact Summit 2026, emphasizing AI's transformative potential while ensuring inclusion and equitable development.

Summary of the National Ayush Mission Workshop

• Event: National Ayush Mission Workshop on 'IT Solutions in the Ayush Sector'
• Location: KTDC Waterscapes, Kumarakom, Kerala
• Organizer: National Ayush Mission, Kerala
• Participants: 91 representatives from 23 states and union territories, 155 attendees including senior officials, technical experts, and policymakers.

Key Objectives and Highlights:

• Theme: "Embracing Innovation with Tradition: Building a Unified Digital Future for Ayush to Ensure Accessible, Affordable, and Citizen-Centric Healthcare."
• Minister's Address: Smt. Veena George emphasized the need for integrating digital tools with traditional health practices.
• Goals:
  • Enhance accessibility and quality in Ayush services.
  • Develop a centralized, interoperable digital framework.
  • Align with the National Health Mission to ensure that healthcare is accessible to all.

Innovations in Digital Health:

• Ayush Grid and Digital Portals:

  • Foster collaboration among states.
  • Standardize software to avoid duplication of efforts.
  • Ensure equitable access to modernized Ayush services.

• Real-Time Monitoring:

  • Emphasized the need for systems that improve human resource management, data integration, and financial tracking.
  • Aim for empowered citizens participating in health governance.

Remarks by Key Officials:

• Vaidya Rajesh Kotecha, Secretary, Ministry of Ayush:

  • Stressed the urgency of adopting IT solutions in the Ayush sector as essential, not optional.
  • Highlighted the urgency for standardization and interoperability of digital tools within health governance.

• Rajan N. Khobragade, Additional Chief Secretary (Health & Ayush), Kerala:

  • Praised Kerala’s advancements in health and digital inclusion. Urged other states to model their strategies on Kerala's successes.
  • Important aspects include uniform standards in data management and patient services.

• Dr. Raghu, Advisor, Ministry of Ayush:

  • Advocated for IT-driven solutions that boost transparency and patient care.

• Dr. D Sajith Babu, State Mission Director, National Ayush Mission, Kerala:

  • Emphasized the workshop’s role in modernizing Ayush services through IT interventions.

• Field Visits Planned: Scheduled from September 20–21, 2025, to various Ayush facilities in Kerala, showcasing successful models in healthcare delivery.

Next Steps and Expectations:

• Development of user-friendly, centrally integrated, and adaptable digital platforms across states.
• Encourage knowledge sharing and collaboration among different states to refine health solutions.
• Focus on inclusive digital transformation ensuring no community is left behind.

Conclusion:

• This workshop represents a significant step towards advancing a modern Ayush healthcare ecosystem in India, with the aim of being future-ready and citizen-centric, while maintaining the essence of traditional practices.

Important Points to Remember:

• Event Date: Workshop held (dates not specified).
• Key Participants: 91 representatives from diverse Indian regions.
• Emphasis on collaboration and standardization in Ayush services.
• Alignment with National Digital Health Mission.
• Growth of digital health infrastructure signifies a shift towards modernized healthcare delivery while respecting traditional practices.

Summary of the India-AI Impact Summit 2026 Announcements

Event Details:

• Summit: India-AI Impact Summit 2026
• Dates: February 19-20, 2026
• Location: Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi
• Host: Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Government of India

Key Initiatives:

• Logo Symbolism: The logo features the Ashoka Chakra, representing ethical governance and constitutional values, with neural network flares symbolizing AI’s transformative capabilities.

• Flagship Initiatives:

  • UDAAN – Global AI Pitch Fest: Showcasing innovative global AI startups, focusing on women leaders and individuals with disabilities.
  • YuvaAI Innovation Challenge: Promoting AI-driven solutions for various public challenges for youth and women.
  • Research Symposium: A platform for presenting cutting-edge AI research collaboratively.
  • AI Expo: To feature over 300 exhibitors from India and 30+ countries.

Foundational Model Projects:

• Eight indigenous projects launched to build AI models focused on India-specific data:
  • AI Avatars: Specialized avatars for Indian languages in agriculture, healthcare, and governance.
  • Bharat Gen: Multilingual and multimodal models for various sectors.
  • Large Reasoning Model: First of its kind for structured reasoning and medical problem-solving.
  • Indic Languages Model: Efficient models focusing on Hindi dialects.
  • BrahmAI: A multimodal foundation model for engineering and scientific innovation.
  • Small Language Models: Supporting all 22 scheduled Indian languages.
  • EEG Signal Analysis Model: For neurological disorder screening and brain-computer interface research.
  • Material Discovery Model: AI integration in experimental workflows for material sciences.

Data and AI Labs:

• AI Labs Network: Launch of 30 out of 570 planned AI and data labs across India (first 27 in partnership with NIELIT).
• Training Initiatives: Courses in data annotation and curation to enhance skills for participation in the AI economy.

IndiaAI Fellowship Program:

• Expansion: Now supports 13,500 scholars across various disciplines (engineering, medicine, law, arts).
• Fellowship Portal: Digital platform for applications and progress tracking.

Guiding Principles (Sutras):

1. People: AI must promote human diversity and accessibility.
2. Planet: Efficiency in AI development should align with sustainability goals.
3. Progress: Equitable distribution of AI benefits across sectors.

Operational Framework (Chakras):

• Human Capital: Focus on employment and workforce transformation.
• Inclusion for Social Empowerment: Ensuring accessibility and representation in AI.
• Safe and Trusted AI: Promoting transparency and governance mechanisms.
• Resilience, Innovation, and Efficiency: Resource-efficient AI development.
• Science: Strengthen research partnerships and open discoveries.
• Democratizing AI Resources: Ensuring equitable access to data and models.
• AI for Economic Development & Social Good: Scaling AI for public sectors benefits.

Conclusion:

• The India-AI Impact Summit 2026 emphasizes India's leadership role in fostering inclusive and equitable AI development, aligning with global goals, and enhancing knowledge sharing among nations.

Important Points:

• Date of Summit: February 19-20, 2026
• Number of AI Data Labs: 570 planned, 30 launched.
• AI Fellowship: Supports 13,500 scholars, expanding across 8,000 undergraduates, 5,000 postgraduates, and 500 PhD researchers.
• Key Focus Areas: Inclusion, sustainability, economic development.
• Prominent AI Models Developed: Variants tailored for healthcare, agriculture, and multilingual support.