The article highlights a global health crisis where preventable diseases are making a comeback due to declining vaccination rates. World health leaders from WHO, UNICEF, and Gavi express urgent concerns over the increasing number of children missing vaccinations, attributed to funding cuts, misinformation, and disruptions in healthcare access, especially in conflict-affected regions.

Key points from the article include:

• Re-emergence of Preventable Diseases: Diseases like measles, meningitis, and yellow fever are reappearing because millions of children are missing vaccinations.

• Global Health Authorities' Warning: WHO, UNICEF, and Gavi emphasize the need for stronger vaccination programs, urging global leaders to address the issue with immediate attention.

• Funding Cuts Impacting Immunisation: A report from the WHO indicates that nearly 50% of low-income countries are experiencing significant disruptions in vaccination campaigns and disease surveillance due to reduced donor funding.

• Increasing Number of Unvaccinated Children: In 2023, about 14.5 million children missed routine vaccinations—a rise from previous years. More than half of these children are in countries facing crisis and instability.

• Measles Outbreak in the U.S.: The CDC reported that the U.S. has seen a significant increase in measles cases, with 935 confirmed incidences as of May 2023, marking a troubling resurgence after the disease was declared eliminated in 2000.

• Funding Crisis Threatens Progress: WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus warns that funding cuts jeopardize hard-won gains in disease prevention, urging resource-limited countries to prioritize vaccination.

• Global Funding Crisis: UNICEF Executive Director Catherine Russell highlights that a severe funding crisis is hindering attempts to vaccinate over 15 million vulnerable children in fragile regions.

• Investment in Immunization: WHO promotes vaccination as a high-return health investment, stating it saves lives and enhances health security.

• Historical Impact of Vaccination: Vaccines have saved at least 154 million lives over the last 50 years, contributing significantly to improved child survival rates.

• India's Immunisation Efforts: India has made progress in immunization, with the Universal Immunization Programme targeting millions of newborns and pregnant women yearly. The country has eliminated polio and maternal neonatal tetanus and introduced new vaccines.

• Current Immunisation Coverage in India: As of the 2019-2021 National Family Health Survey, India's full immunisation coverage stands at 76.1%, indicating that one in four children miss essential vaccines.

• Call to Action: WHO, UNICEF, and Gavi urge parents, the public, and politicians to strengthen support for immunization initiatives and to honor commitments to the Immunisation Agenda 2030.

• Future Goals: Gavi's upcoming pledging summit aims to raise at least $9 billion to protect 500 million children from 2026 to 2030.

In conclusion, the article underscores the importance of global cooperation and sustained investment in vaccination programs to avert outbreaks of preventable diseases, especially in low-income regions and areas affected by conflict. Ensuring a robust immunization strategy is critical not only for public health but also for the achievement of broader health security goals.

Type 5 diabetes, recently recognized by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), affects lean and undernourished young adults, particularly in low and middle-income countries. This newly classified form of diabetes has garnered attention due to its unique causes, which are related to malnutrition-induced impairment of insulin production. Notably, it has been overlooked in research and misdiagnosed for decades.

Summary

1. Recognition of Type 5 Diabetes:

   • The IDF officially acknowledged Type 5 diabetes at the 75th World Congress for Diabetes on April 7.
   • This recognition follows years of research emphasizing the impact of malnutrition on pancreatic function.

2. Characteristics of Type 5 Diabetes:

   • Affects lean and malnourished young adults, particularly in low and middle-income countries, primarily in regions such as India and the Global South.
   • The condition is distinct from Type 2 diabetes, which is characterized by insulin resistance, as Type 5 diabetes presents with inadequate insulin production due to dysfunctional pancreatic beta cells.

3. Historical Context:

   • First documented in Jamaica in 1955 as J-type diabetes and later categorized by the WHO in 1985 as malnutrition-related diabetes mellitus, this classification was retracted in 1999.
   • Recent research has revived the classification, recognizing its link to malnutrition from early life.

4. Clinical Identification:

   • Patients tend to have lower body mass index (BMI), significantly reduced insulin secretion levels, and less body fat compared to those with Type 2 diabetes.
   • Nutritional intake of proteins, fibers, and micronutrients is often low among those affected.

5. Causes:

   • The root cause of Type 5 diabetes is malnutrition, beginning as early as prenatal development.
   • Dr. C. S. Yajnik explains that insufficient nutrition while in the womb can predispose an individual to diabetes. A history of undernourishment in India due to socio-economic factors has contributed to this condition, exacerbated by modern overeating trends.

6. Treatment Approaches:

   • Specific diagnostic criteria and treatment guidelines are still under development by the Type 5 Diabetes Working Group.
   • Nutrition-focused interventions are critical, emphasizing a high-protein diet and adequate intake of carbohydrates and fats based on individual needs.
   • Diabetes management may include anti-diabetic medications or insulin tailored to each patient’s glucose levels and response to treatment.

7. Global Impact:

   • Type 5 diabetes currently affects an estimated 25 million people globally. Its official classification marks a significant step in addressing the needs of affected individuals and improving health outcomes in vulnerable populations.

Key Points

• Official recognition of Type 5 diabetes by the IDF aims to increase awareness and research focus on malnutrition-induced diabetes.
• This condition primarily affects young adults with low BMI and significant insulin deficiency.
• The historical context highlights how the understanding of this condition has evolved over decades.
• Treatment focuses on dietary management and may include medication based on individual assessments.
• The growing prevalence underscores the urgent need for targeted healthcare strategies in low-income regions.

This updated understanding is anticipated to improve diagnosis, treatment outcomes, and public health strategies for populations at risk of Type 5 diabetes.