The Deonar landfill in Mumbai, operational since 1927, is a significant environmental concern, accumulating over 20 million metric tonnes (MT) of solid waste, which poses severe health risks to nearby residents. A recent waste characterization study commissioned by the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) highlights alarming toxicity levels at the site, with critical indicators such as Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) exceeding Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) limits by four times.

Key Findings from the Proceeding and Issues Raised:

• The Deonar landfill is around 40 metres high and has been a major pollution source in the suburbs of Govandi, Mankhurd, and Shivaji Nagar.
• The BMC report, commissioned in 2023, indicates that the toxic waste has created hazardous conditions, countering the BMC's previous pledge to eliminate legacy waste in three years.
• In October 2022, the Maharashtra government made a controversial decision to relocate residents to the highly polluted Deonar area as part of the Dharavi Redevelopment Project, raising serious concerns.
• The Deonar landfill contributes approximately 600-700 MT of waste daily, representing about 10% of Mumbai's total waste.
• According to a CPCB report from 2024, the landfill is responsible for generating 6,202 kg of methane per hour, classifying it as one of the top 22 methane hotspots in India.

Health Hazards and Impact on Local Population:

• The leachate contamination and noxious gases, combined with periodic fires at the site, have curtailed the life expectancy of residents in the surrounding areas to nearly half the national average.
• The urgency of clearing the landfill and making it habitable is compounded by the scale of waste, which complicates the potential relocation of thousands of residents.

Challenges in Waste Management:

• Efforts to clear the Deonar landfill imply a monumental challenge; the experience with the Mulund landfill, which has taken seven years to clear only 67% of the waste (3 times less than Deonar), underscores the long timeline needed for complete remediation.
• The Mulund site, which the BMC started clearing in 2018 and is four times smaller than Deonar, has shown that substantial time and resources are required to manage such an extensive waste site.

Recommendations and Alternatives:

• Experts suggest that the approach to clearing the Deonar landfill and planning for habitation cannot be rushed; a responsible and gradual process must be ensured.
• The BMC needs to reassess its commitment to clearing legacy waste within the promised timeframe and evaluate the feasibility of relocating people to a hazardous area.

Overall, the situation calls for a critical reassessment of policies regarding waste management and urban redevelopment in Mumbai. It highlights a pressing need for sustainable solutions to address long-standing issues surrounding pollution and public health, compounded by demographic pressures and insufficient waste management infrastructure.

Important Points:

• Deonar landfill height: Approximately 40 metres; a major source of pollution and health hazards.
• Report commissioned by BMC in 2023 highlights toxicity levels exceeding CPCB limits.
• Maharashtra government plans to relocate residents to the hazardous site as part of Dharavi Redevelopment.
• Daily waste input to Deonar: Approximately 600-700 MT, constituting 10% of the city’s total waste.
• Methane generation: 6,202 kg per hour, making it a top methane hotspot in India.
• Health impact: Residents' life expectancy reduced to nearly half the national average.
• Mulund landfill comparison shows that remediation might take much longer than anticipated.
• Urgent need for responsible planning and reassessment of policies concerning waste management and urban redevelopment.

The recent study conducted by researchers from the Save Ennore Creek campaign highlights significant violations of coastal regulation norms by shrimp farms in Thangalperumbalam, located within the eco-sensitive zone of the Pulicat Bird Sanctuary, Tiruvallur district. Key findings indicate that:

• Study Overview:

  • The study identified that shrimp aquaculture operations have encroached upon approximately 309 acres, which is comparable to 34 cricket stadiums.
  • Out of this, 173 acres are in violation of environmental buffer regulations.

• Dependence on Communal Resources:

  • Local livelihoods primarily depend on cattle rearing, agricultural labor, and hand-harvesting prawns.
  • These depend on communal lands classified as meikkal poromboke (grazing lands), kazhuveli poromboke (floodplains), and the Kosasthalaiyar-Pulicat wetlands.

• Legal and Regulatory Framework:

  • Per the Coastal Aquaculture Authority (CAA) guidelines, a mandatory buffer of 50-100 meters must separate shrimp farms from agricultural lands. However, over 50 acres were found within this restricted area.
  • The CAA Act of 2005, amended in 2023, explicitly prohibits aquaculture farms within 100 meters of water bodies like rivers and creeks. Nonetheless, 110 acres continued to operate within this zone adjacent to the Kosasthalaiyar river.
  • The study revealed that only 178 of the total 309 acres of shrimp farms have valid CAA registrations. Notably, 9 acres had expired registrations, and 60 acres operated without any registration.

• Encroachment Issues:

  • The report highlights that 62 acres of these farms were established on illegally occupied community lands, which legally cannot be converted to private aquaculture farms.
  • The CAA has been criticized for granting registrations that violate its siting regulations, with eight of nine approvals allowing operations within prohibited zones, further complicating compliance.

• Impact on Local Communities:

  • The development of shrimp farms has diminished community access to grazing lands, affecting not only Thangalperumbalam residents but also cattle herders from nearby villages like Kadapakkam and SirupazhaverkaduEdayankulam.
  • There have been reports of rising salinity levels in agricultural land over the past four to five years, directly linked to the illegal establishment of shrimp farms. Residents argue this salinization poses a dire threat to local food security.

• Ecological Consequences:

  • The improper expansion of aquaculture is adversely affecting the Pulicat Bird Sanctuary, as the deployment of bird scare devices within these areas has turned native bird species into perceived agricultural pests.

• Public Sentiment:

  • Local residents, including individuals like Mary from Thangalperumbalam, emphasized that access to common lands is vital for sustenance and development. Another resident, S. Devan, expressed concerns regarding the salinization of food sources, calling for the removal of illegal farms.

This study's findings underscore the urgent need for regulatory compliance in coastal aquaculture and the enforcement of environmental protections to safeguard communal resources, local livelihoods, and ecological integrity in sensitive areas like the Pulicat Bird Sanctuary.

Important Points:

• Illegal shrimp farms occupy 309 acres in Thangalperumbalam, violating CAA norms.
• 173 acres of these farms were set up against buffer zone regulations.
• Local livelihoods are heavily reliant on communal grazing lands and agricultural activities.
• CAA Act 2005, amended in 2023, prohibits certain aquaculture practices to protect water bodies.
• Only 178 acres have valid CAA registrations; 62 acres built on encroached land.
• Increased salinity levels threaten agricultural productivity due to illegal aquaculture.
• The Pulicat Bird Sanctuary is at ecological risk due to these illegal activities.
• Local communities are advocating for the restoration of grazing lands and the removal of illegal shrimp farms.

The Union Ministry of Power in India is contemplating a regulation that would restrict the operational temperature range for new air conditioners (ACs) to between 20 and 28 degrees Celsius. Power Minister Manohar Lal Khattar announced this potential regulation during a press conference, stating it would apply to household ACs, those in hotels, and vehicles. Although the proposal is currently under consideration, no final decision has been reached.

Key Historical Context:

• Previous Discussions: Discussions on this topic are not new, as similar proposals were made in 2018 and 2021 under former Minister R.K. Singh, with considerations to label ACs with optimal temperature settings for energy efficiency and health benefits.
• Recommendation of 24 Degrees Celsius: The Ministry developed the idea of establishing a default temperature setting of 24 degrees Celsius, suggesting that if consumers adopted this, the country could save approximately 20 billion units of electricity annually.

Key Reasons for the Proposal:

• Energy Savings: Increasing the AC temperature setting by 1 degree Celsius can lead to a 6% reduction in electricity consumption.
• Health Factors: Temperatures set below 18 degrees Celsius have been deemed “uncomfortable” and “unhealthy,” with studies indicating that exposure at such low temperatures raises blood pressure and heightens risks of hypertension.
• Impact on Vulnerable Populations: Infants, the elderly, and those with cardiopulmonary conditions are particularly at risk when exposed to such cold environments.

International Context:

• Global AC Usage: According to the International Energy Agency, there were approximately 2 billion air conditioners worldwide, with the residential units increasing threefold from 2000 to 2022, indicating significant global demand for cooling solutions.
• Regional Needs: As of 2022, 43% of the Asia Pacific region required additional cooling, pointing to a pressing necessity for effective HVAC regulations.

Technical Considerations:

• Operational Efficiency: The functioning of ACs is dependent on a refrigerant that cools indoor spaces, and their energy efficiency reduces significantly outside the optimal temperature range. Inefficient operations contribute to excess energy consumption.
• Thermal Comfort Guidelines: Research facilitated by organizations like ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers) and WHO (World Health Organization) support temperatures above 18 degrees Celsius for maintaining healthful living conditions.

Health Studies Supporting New Guidelines:

• Various studies underscore health issues associated with indoor temperatures under 18 degrees Celsius, leading to higher risks of respiratory infections and cardiovascular diseases.
• A 2014 study connected low indoor temperatures to increased hypertension risks, while another study highlighted poorer lung function in children exposed to cold environments.

Conclusion:

The proposition to limit the operational temperatures of air conditioners aligns with both energy conservation objectives and public health considerations. Should the Indian government proceed, this action could lead to significant reductions in electricity consumption alongside improvements in health outcomes for the population. No timeline has yet been established for the implementation of these restrictions.

Important Points:

• The proposed restriction for new ACs is aimed at 20-28 degrees Celsius.
• Energy savings estimated at 20 billion units annually if consumers adopt the 24-degree setting.
• Temperatures below 18 degrees Celsius increase health risks, particularly for vulnerable groups.
• Global AC market growth signals need for effective cooling regulations.
• Technical efficiency of ACs is maximized within the recommended temperature range.
• Various health studies support the need for a minimum temperature limit.

The resurgence of the Eurasian otter in Kashmir signifies a significant ecological event in the region, marking a moment of hope for the restoration of its aquatic ecosystem. Below is a detailed summary of the recent sighting and its implications.

Summary:

• Species Overview: The Eurasian otter, classified as ‘near threatened’ by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), was long believed to have disappeared from Kashmir's biodiversity, with no confirmed sightings over the past 30 years.

• Recent Sighting: The otter was observed in the Lidder River in Srigufwara, south Kashmir, with local villagers initially mistaking it for a crocodile. Identification as an otter was later confirmed through videos and photographic evidence by wildlife officials.

• Wildlife Authority Statements: Suhail Ahmad Wagar, the Wildlife Warden for south Kashmir, confirmed the sighting and noted the deployment of CCTV surveillance in the area, which has successfully filmed the otter in multiple locations.

• Historical Context: Historically, the otter held a critical role in Kashmir’s aquatic ecosystem, previously inhabiting various water bodies including the Dachigam National Park and around the Dal Lake, and was known locally as "Vuder." The otters were so prevalent that their presence was used to deter children from playing near dangerous waters.

• Causes of Decline: The otter population decline was primarily attributed to two major factors: increased water pollution and hunting for fur. Both factors heavily impacted their numbers, leading to the belief that the species had become extinct in the region.

• Earlier Sightings in 2023: The recent confirmation marks the third sighting of the Eurasian otter this year, following earlier observations in Gurez valley and Heerpora in south Kashmir’s Shopian district.

• Ecological Significance: The sightings are viewed positively by wildlife officials, as they could signal the beginning of restoring Kashmir’s aquatic ecology, suggesting an improvement in environmental conditions that might support otter populations.

• Reporting and Journalism: The article is reported by Bashaarat Masood, a seasoned journalist with two decades of experience covering Jammu and Kashmir, known particularly for his insights into the dynamics of the region.

Key Points:

• Eurasian otter sighted in Lidder River, south Kashmir, after three decades thought extinct.
• Classified as 'near threatened' by IUCN, historically crucial to local aquatic ecosystems.
• Initial misidentification by villagers as crocodile, confirmed by wildlife officials later.
• Warden Suhail Ahmad Wagar confirmed surveillance and recordings of the otter.
• Historical evidence suggests a once-abundant population in the Valley, now significantly diminished.
• Decline attributed to water pollution and hunting pressures for fur.
• 2023 marks the third confirmed sighting of the species in Kashmir.
• Potential for ecological restoration indicated by their presence in the region.

The return of the Eurasian otter can be seen as a significant positive indicator of ecological recovery and biodiversity restoration efforts in Kashmir's aquatic habitats.

India is set to implement new standards regulating air conditioner (AC) temperature settings, targeting a range between 20 to 28 degrees Celsius, with an aim to manage peak power demand. This policy initiative, articulated by Union Power Minister Manohar Lal, is being developed by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE). The standards will primarily apply to residential ACs but may extend to commercial units as well.

Key Highlights:

• Temperature Regulation: The proposed standards will prohibit cooling below 20 degrees Celsius and heating above 28 degrees Celsius, although an alternative suggestion to set the minimum at 24 degrees was considered. The final decision reflects considerations of public comfort, as most individuals do not sleep in environments cooler than 20 degrees Celsius.

• Impact on Power Demand: The cooling demand from ACs contributes significantly to India's electricity consumption, accounting for roughly 50 gigawatts (GW) or one-fifth of the peak power demand. Increasing the temperature setting by just one degree Celsius can yield a 6% reduction in electricity usage. With an estimated 100 million ACs in India and an annual addition of 15 million units, the influx of cooling devices is substantial, further intensifying power demand.

• Current Power Demand: Reliable assessments indicate that peak power demand during summer months has posed ongoing challenges for grid operators. On May 30, 2024, a peak demand of 250 GW was recorded, and this rose to 242 GW on June 10 of the same year due to rising temperatures. Challenges to meet this demand are compounded by limited thermal capacity additions and the strain on baseload thermal plants during non-solar hours. A projection from the University of California, Berkeley’s India Energy & Climate Center estimates that without interventions, AC units could escalate India's peak demand by 120 GW by 2030.

• Forecast and Recommendations: The working paper released in March 2025 states that power shortages could emerge as early as 2026, despite ongoing generation and storage projects. The rapid growth of AC units has resulted in an increase of 30-35 GW in peak demand between 2019 and 2024 alone.

• Efficiency Standards: The BEE is also pushing for robust minimum efficiency standards, particularly for 1-star rated appliances, to avoid market saturation with low-efficiency products. The rationale emphasizes that setting lower temperatures does not correspond to improved cooling efficacy and often results in unnecessary energy use.

• International Practices: This temperature regulation aligns with global standards; countries such as Japan have enacted default temperature settings for ACs at 28 degrees Celsius, and California in the US limits settings to no lower than 26 degrees Celsius.

Conclusion:

The government’s new AC temperature regulations constitute a proactive policy response to rising energy demands and will potentially mitigate the strain on India's power grid. By establishing these norms, the Indian authorities hope to achieve energy efficiency while addressing consumer comfort. This regulation represents a critical step towards sustainable energy management amidst the burgeoning demand for electrical cooling systems.

Bullet Points:

• New AC temperature standards in India set between 20-28 degrees Celsius.
• Regulatory initiative by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE).
• Cooling demand constitutes approximately 50 GW of peak power demand.
• Increasing AC temperature by 1°C saves 6% electricity.
• Peak power demand reached 250 GW on May 30, 2024.
• Projections indicate ACs could elevate peak demand by 120 GW by 2030 without policy intervention.
• Recommendations for stronger minimum efficiency standards from BEE.
• Comparative measures in Japan and California regarding AC temperature settings.

The ongoing conflict between humans and tigers in the vicinity of the Ranthambore National Park, Rajasthan, has raised significant concerns about wildlife management practices. Over the past two and a half months, three people, including a forest officer, have been killed by tigers on the outskirts of the park. Investigations suggest that the wildlife authorities' decision to provide live bait to an ailing tiger mother has led to a breakdown in the animals' natural inhibitions toward humans.

Key details and observations from the situation are as follows:

• Incident Overview:

  • Three fatal tiger attacks have occurred in the last 75 days at Ranthambore National Park.
  • The victims included a forest officer, highlighting the dangers posed by the tigers.

• Wildlife Management Practices:

  • The National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) does not officially prohibit the use of live bait; however, its guidelines caution against it, deeming it "not advisable."
  • The NTCA emphasizes that tigers should be managed with minimal human intervention, and artificial feeding undermines natural selection processes fundamental to conservation efforts.

• Consequences of Artificial Feeding:

  • Providing live bait to elderly or injured tigers can impair their survival instincts, potentially increasing the likelihood of conflicts with humans.
  • Natural death through starvation or territorial confrontations is a part of the natural order, which the article suggests should not be circumvented by artificial intervention.

• Wider Implications:

  • The practice of nursing injured tigers, which has become common, disrupts natural tiger population demographics and may encourage more frequent human-animal interactions.
  • While wildlife managers have successfully increased the tiger population since the crisis of 2005, the recent incidents indicate the need for a balanced approach to conservation that takes into account both animal welfare and human safety.

• Recommendations for Future Management:

  • The article advocates for discussions around the carrying capacity of parks and the establishment of a sustainable population of tigers, especially in the context that a significant number of tigers now inhabit areas outside protected regions.
  • The focus should shift towards creating healthy ecosystems where tigers can live without posing threats to human life.

In essence, while conservation efforts have increased tiger numbers, the Ranthambore crisis highlights the complexities involved in wildlife management practices and the need for stricter adherence to conservation principles that prioritize the species' natural behaviors and habitats.

Important Points:

• Three fatalities due to tiger attacks in Ranthambore over 75 days.
• Wildlife authorities' use of live bait leads to increased risks.
• NTCA guidelines state minimal human intervention in wildlife management.
• Artificial feeding undermines tigers' natural survival instincts.
• Need for discussions on tiger population sustainability and carrying capacity.
• Focus should be on healthy ecosystems to ensure safety for both tigers and humans.

Summary:

A solid-waste incinerator has been established in Gangotri, Uttarkashi district of Uttarakhand, under the PRASAD (Pilgrimage Rejuvenation and Spiritual Augmentation Drive) scheme initiated by the Union Ministry of Tourism. The facility has sparked significant opposition from environmental activists and local monitoring committees due to its location within the Gangotri National Park, which falls under the Bhagirathi Eco Sensitive Zone (BESZ).

• Background of the Incinerator:

  • The incinerator is reported to have begun operations two months ago, although it was set up approximately a year and a half prior.
  • The total cost of the project amounts to ₹306 lakhs, with a capacity to process one tonne of waste per day.
  • The incinerator aims to address waste generated by approximately 800,000 pilgrims visiting Gangotri annually, producing between 400 to 500 kilograms of organic waste daily.

• Environmental Concerns:

  • Critics, including Hem Pandey, co-chair of the BESZ Monitoring Committee, and social activist Amrican Puri, label the incinerator an "extremely polluting unit" inappropriate for its ecologically sensitive location.
  • There are allegations of violations of environmental norms required for projects in eco-sensitive zones, which typically necessitate approvals from state pollution control boards, the local forest department, and environmental impact assessments.

• Conflicting Perspectives Within Monitoring Bodies:

  • There is apparent division within the BESZ monitoring committee regarding the project, with some members opposing the incinerator and others taking a more lenient view.
  • Uttarkashi District Magistrate Meherban Bisht noted that the project received approval in a meeting chaired by then-Chief Secretary Radha Raturi on June 21, 2024, which allowed the transfer of the Solid Waste Management Unit to Nagar Panchayat, Gangotri.

• Operational Claims and Controversies:

  • The incinerator is said to utilize a “zero-emission system” functioning within a temperature range of 850°C to 1,500°C, designed to incinerate waste without additional fuel or electricity, and purportedly treats hazardous gases and wastewater.
  • Despite these claims, opposition members argue that the resulting ash from the incineration process poses ecological risks to the Gangotri region, and they previously proposed a decentralized waste management system as a better alternative.

• Regulatory Oversight:

  • Some officials, such as Amit Pokhriyal from the Uttarakhand Pollution Control Board, expressed ignorance regarding the operational status of the incinerator, stating their ongoing scrutiny of the project’s compliance.

This incinerator project raises pressing questions about environmental governance, the balance between development and ecological preservation, and the adequacy of regulatory frameworks in protecting sensitive ecological zones.

Important Points:

• Incinerator established in Gangotri under PRASAD scheme; cost ₹306 lakhs, capacity of 1 tonne waste/day.
• Operational since two months; concerns over placement in an eco-sensitive zone (BESZ).
• Responsibility for waste management related to 800,000 pilgrims visiting annually; generates 400-500 kg of organic waste/day.
• Allegations of procedural violations regarding approval processes by pollution control bodies and monitoring committees.
• Division within BESZ committee; District Magistrate claims meeting led to project approval.
• Noted ecological risks from the ash produced; previous suggestions for alternative waste management methods ignored.
• Officials from the Uttarakhand Pollution Control Board unaware of operational status, further complicating the regulatory oversight narrative.

On June 12, 2025, the India Meteorological Department (IMD) issued a 'red alert' for Delhi, indicating a severe heatwave across the region. This red alert is the highest warning level, prompting local residents to take necessary precautions such as staying hydrated, avoiding direct sunlight, and minimizing outdoor activities during the peak afternoon hours.

Key points include:

• Severity of Heatwave: Safdarjung, Delhi's official weather station, recorded a maximum temperature of 43.3 degrees Celsius, while Ayanagar reached 45 degrees Celsius.
• Temperature Forecast: High temperatures are expected to persist until June 14, 2025, before a predicted change in weather conditions, including thunderstorms forecasted to provide temporary relief.
• Current Temperature Anomalies: Temperatures across various weather stations in Delhi are noted to be 3 to 4 degrees Celsius higher than average.
• Future Weather Expectations: The IMD anticipates a reduction in temperatures to a range of 37-42 degrees Celsius between June 14-17, 2025, alongside light to moderate rain and gusty winds, likely alleviating the region's heat stress.

In response to the ongoing heatwave and its challenges, Delhi's Water Minister, Parvesh Sahib Singh, inaugurated a water ATM at a government school in Daryaganj. This initiative forms part of a broader government effort aimed at ensuring adequate hydration for all residents during extreme heat conditions.

Key statements from Minister Singh:

• He emphasized the government’s commitment to provide all residents with access to water, particularly during the hot summer months, stating, “No one in Delhi should go thirsty, especially in the harsh summer.”
• He announced plans for additional water ATMs to be established at various schools and public areas throughout the city to enhance hydration security and build a heat-resilient environment.

This heatwave and associated initiatives are indicative of the urgent need to address climate adaptation measures and public health challenges in urban areas, particularly under extreme weather conditions.

Summary of Important Points:

• IMD issued a 'red alert' for Delhi on June 12, 2025.
• Safdarjung recorded 43.3°C; Ayanagar reached 45°C.
• Temperatures are 3 to 4 degrees Celsius above normal.
• Relief expected between June 14-17, with possible thunderstorms and rains.
• Water ATM inaugurated in Daryaganj as part of a hydration initiative.
• Minister Singh committed to ensuring no one in Delhi goes thirsty during heat.
• Plans for more water ATMs in schools and public spaces announced.

The Environment Ministry’s Forest Advisory Committee (FAC) has provisionally approved the Etalin hydropower project, which has a capacity of 3,097 MW, despite prior biodiversity and wildlife concerns associated with the project.

Key Points:

• Project Overview:

  • The Etalin hydropower project is set to be constructed in the Dibang Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, involving the diversion of 1,175 hectares of forest land and the felling of around 2.78 lakh trees.
  • It is one of India's largest proposed hydropower projects in terms of generation capacity.

• Background of Approval:

  • The FAC previously rejected the project in December 2022 due to concerns about biodiversity and wildlife and mandated additional assessments.
  • Current approval comes amidst ongoing protests from local communities, particularly the Idu Mishmi community, who have raised objections concerning the project’s environmental impact.

• Biodiversity Concerns:

  • The Dri and Talo rivers (local name for the Dibang) are in a biodiversity-rich region, home to numerous wildlife species, including tigers, leopards, and various birds.
  • Previous assessments, including a wildlife conservation plan submitted by the Wildlife Institute of India in 2019, received criticism for scientific inaccuracies, further complicating the approval process.

• FAC Discussions and Decisions:

  • The FAC has discussed the proposed project six times from 2015 to 2022, assessing ecological, social, and economic aspects.
  • Risk-related conditions and assessments were previously mandated, including the necessity for a multi-season biodiversity study which has not been conducted.

• Current Justifications for Approval:

  • The FAC has stated that existing studies addressed the concerns raised and found them satisfactory, leading to their recommendation for provisional approval.

• Timeline of Approval Process:

  • The appraisal process for the project has spanned several years, commencing in 2014, highlighting ongoing contention and debate regarding its environmental ramifications.

• Community Resistance:

  • The planned project development is mostly within community forest areas, underscoring tensions between development initiatives and local community rights and conservation efforts.

• Economic Implications:

  • The approval of this project is part of a wider government initiative to fast-track hydropower projects in the North-East, potentially enhancing electricity generation capacity, but raises significant environmental and ecological concerns.

In summary, while the Etalin hydropower project has received in-principle approval from the FAC, it remains controversial given its potential impacts on a biodiversity-rich area and significant community opposition. The issues surrounding the project reflect broader tensions in energy development versus environmental conservation within India.

In recent incidents within the Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve in Rajasthan, there have been three fatal tiger attacks on humans. The latest attack occurred on June 9, 2023, when a 70-year-old temple chowkidar, Radheshyam Mali, was killed by an unidentified tiger. This followed previous attacks: the first on April 16, 2023, when a tigress Kankati killed a 7-year-old boy named Kartik Suman, and the second on May 11, 2023, involving Kankati and her male sibling who killed Range Officer Devendra Singh.

A technical committee was formed in response to these incidents, consisting of local, state, and central representatives, to evaluate the dangers posed by sub-adult tigers and to propose precautionary measures. The committee concluded that three sub-adult cubs of tigress Arrowhead, which had developed a habituation to human presence, should be relocated from Ranthambhore. The committee's observations noted the sub-adult tigers' approach towards humans without fear, their vulnerabilities to other territorial sub-adults, and the associated risks posed to forest staff and visitors.

Key dates and actions following the formation of the committee are as follows:

• April 16: First fatality caused by tigress Kankati.
• May 11: Second attack leading to the death of Range Officer Devendra Singh by Kankati and her male sibling.
• May 13: Formation of the technical committee.
• May 17: The committee submits its report, recommending the relocation of Arrowhead's three cubs.
• May 21: Rajasthan government forwards the report to the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA).
• May 30: NTCA clears the recommendation at the 13th Technical Committee meeting.
• June 9: The third fatal attack occurs.

Despite the recommendations to shift the tigers quickly, there has been a delay in the action from officials in Jaipur and Delhi. Concerns were raised regarding "too much bureaucracy" hindering necessary field actions. The National Tiger Conservation Authority has cleared the proposal for relocation, pending final approval from the Ministry of Environment.

Key Points:

• Recent Fatal Attacks: Three fatal tiger attacks in Ranthambhore within a short span, leading to human casualties.
• Technical Committee: Formed after the first two fatalities to address the risks posed by habituated sub-adult tigers.
• Recommendations: The committee advised relocating three sub-adult cubs to mitigate risks to humans; observations indicated they were too accustomed to people.
• Proposed Timeline of Events: Documented actions from April to June 2023 reflect the urgency and following administrative delays in addressing the tiger attacks.
• Regulatory Framework: The Wildlife Protection Act necessitates approvals from the central government for tiger relocations, creating layers of approval that may slow down timely action.
• Official Response: Mixed reactions about the delay in action; urgent calls for prompt measures to prevent further human casualties have been made.

This situation underscores the challenges faced in wildlife conservation, particularly the complexity of human-wildlife interactions within protected areas, and the bureaucratic processes involved in ensuring public safety.

On June 9, 2025, a fire broke out aboard the Singapore-flagged vessel M.V. Wan Hai 503, which was located off the Beypore coast, resulting in an immediate response from various governmental and maritime agencies. This incident occurred against the backdrop of another maritime disaster involving the Liberia-flagged MSC Elsa 3, which sank off the Alappuzha coast on May 25, 2025. The ships were transporting hazardous and inflammable cargo, raising significant concerns regarding marine pollution.

Key Details:

• Incident Timeline:

  • M.V. Wan Hai 503 Fire: Began on June 9, 2025.
  • MSC Elsa 3 Sinking: Occurred on May 25, 2025.

• Concern of Marine Pollution:

  • The ships were carrying dangerous materials, leading to potential pollution risks to marine environments and coastal areas.

• Emergency Meeting:

  • Held in Kochi on June 10, 2025, to discuss the situation.
  • Participants included officials from:
    • Directorate General of Shipping
    • Mercantile Marine Department
    • Kerala State Disaster Management Authority
    • Indian Navy
    • Indian Coast Guard
    • Kerala Maritime Board
    • Tamil Nadu Government representatives

• Primary Objectives of Officials:

  • Extinguish the fire aboard the Wan Hai 503.
  • Locate missing crew members from the vessel.
  • Contain the fire spread which was exacerbated by floating containers that fell off the ship.

• Containment and Salvage Efforts:

  • Initial efforts to control the fire had been complicated due to its rapid spread.
  • The Coast Guard's attempts to manage the fire and pollution were hampered by these conditions.
  • Following firefighting measures, subsequent efforts will focus on preventing pollution and salvaging the cargo from the distressed ship.

• Assistance and Support:

  • Kerala governmental agencies have pledged assistance to deal with the aftermath and mitigation efforts related to both incidents.

Implications:

This situation underscores the hazards associated with maritime transportation of hazardous goods and the readiness of the Indian Navy and Coast Guard, alongside state disaster management authorities, in managing such emergencies to protect marine environments and ensure safety for maritime operated vessels.

Important Points:

• The fire on M.V. Wan Hai 503 is a critical incident raising concerns over hazardous cargo management.
• Significant governmental coordination demonstrated in response efforts, involving multiple agencies.
• Potential environmental impact due to the nature of the cargo on both vessels.
• A structured approach to disaster management and subsequent salvaging and pollution mitigation efforts is being enacted.
• Emphasis on the safety of maritime operations and the well-being of the crew involved in the incident.

This information serves as an important reference for understanding maritime safety protocols and disaster response in the context of marine hazards.

The Union Ministry of Power is currently awaiting the decision of the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) regarding the mandatory installation of flue gas desulphurisation (FGD) units in coal-fired thermal power plants (TPPs). The Power Minister, Manohar Lal Khattar, announced this at a press conference on June 10, 2025, amid discussions evolving from a high-powered committee's recommendations, held in April 2025 under Principal Scientific Advisor Ajay Sood.

Key Highlights:

• Current Status of FGDs:

  • About 92% of India's approximately 600 TPPs have not installed FGDs.
  • The CPCB is expected to provide guidance, which will inform any future implementation of FGD mandates.
  • The installation cost of FGDs is approximately ₹1 crore per megawatt (MW).

• Government Extensions:

  • The Indian government has extended deadlines for TPPs to install FGDs since 2017, with the latest extension permitting compliance by between 2027-2030.

• Health and Environmental Concerns:

  • FGDs are designed to reduce sulphur dioxide emissions, which can contribute to respiratory diseases and exacerbate air quality issues.
  • Conversely, sulphur dioxide can lead to the formation of sulphate aerosols that may mitigate some effects of global warming, although they contribute to atmospheric pollution.

• Committee Recommendations:

  • The recommendation suggests that only TPPs within a 10 km radius of the National Capital Region and cities with populations over 1 million, designated as Category A plants, must install FGDs.
  • Out of 66 such plants, only 14 have installed FGDs, with a compliance deadline of 2027.

• Categorization of Plants:

  • Category A: Plants near major urban centers with a 2027 deadline.
  • Category B: Plants within designated 'Critically Polluted Cities' or 'Non Attainment Cities' that may be exempted on a case-by-case basis, with a 2028 deadline.
  • Category C: The largest group, with 462 plants and a deadline of 2029, of which only 32 have implemented FGDs.

• Future Considerations:

  • The committee's deliberations indicate that not all TPPs need FGDs to meet National Ambient Air Quality (NAAQ) standards.
  • Ongoing compliance with December 2015 stack emission standards is necessary, with relaxation on SO2 emissions potentially possible without compromising public health.

• Economic Impact:

  • Implementing FGDs across the recommended plants could arguably incur expenses totaling ₹97,000 crore, necessitating a careful balance between environmental health and economic viability.

In conclusion, as the situation develops, the government underlines the importance of protecting both public health and ensuring economically friendly policies across the nation’s power sector while keeping the CPCB's final verdict in view. The need for stringent air quality measures remains crucial, and the government's approach demonstrates a nuanced understanding of both environmental science and economic considerations.

Important Points:

• Union Ministry of Power awaits CPCB's decision on FGD units.
• 92% of India's coal-fired TPPs lack FGD; deadlines have been extended multiple times.
• Health and environmental impact of sulphur emissions are crucial concerns.
• Recommendations classify TPPs into three categories based on their environmental impact and location.
• Current compliance with NAAQ standards is essential without requiring FGDs universally.
• Economic implications of implementing FGDs across TPPs amount to significant costs.

The recent discussions by the Union Ministry of Power regarding Flue Gas Desulphurisation (FGD) units for coal-fired thermal power plants (TPPs) have highlighted significant environmental and economic considerations. Union Power Minister Manohar Lal Khattar stated on June 10, 2025, that the Ministry would await the recommendations of the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) on the mandatory installation of FGDs in these power plants.

Key Highlights:

• Context and Background:

  • The discussions stem from an April meeting of a high-powered committee, chaired by Principal Scientific Advisor Ajay Sood, which proposed to discontinue the existing requirement for FGD units in all coal-fired TPPs.
  • Currently, approximately 92% of India's 600 TPPs lack FGD installations.

• Current Compliance Extensions:

  • The government has provided three compliance extensions since 2017, with the latest deadline set for 2027-2030 for plants to fit FGD units.

• Purpose of FGDs:

  • FGDs are essential for reducing harmful sulphur dioxide emissions from coal combustion. While sulphur dioxide can form aerosols that may influence global warming and air quality, excessive concentrations contribute to respiratory illnesses.

• Cost Implications:

  • The installation of FGDs is projected to cost around ₹1 crore per megawatt of installed power capacity, totaling an estimated ₹97,000 crore for the expected power capacity additions of 97,000 MW.

• Committee Recommendations:

  • The committee recommended restricting the mandatory installation of FGDs to two categories of plants:
    • Category A: TPPs within a 10 km radius of the National Capital Region and cities with populations exceeding 1 million. There are 66 of these plants, with only 14 currently outfitted with FGDs. They must comply by 2027.
    • Category B: TPPs located near critically polluted cities. There are 72 such plants, with only 4 already having FGDs installed and a 2028 compliance deadline. Exemptions may apply on a case-by-case basis.

• Category C Plants:

  • The remaining 462 plants, designated as Category C, have a compliance deadline of 2029, with 32 having installed FGDs.

• Potential Exemptions and Age Factor:

  • Older plants (20 years and older) in categories A and B could be exempted from installing FGDs based on further assessments.

• Health and Environmental Standards:

  • The committee concluded that installation of FGDs in all TPPs is not necessary for compliance with National Ambient Air Quality (NAAQ) standards, crucial for public health protection.
  • All TPPs are required to meet the December 2015 stack emission standards for particulate matter (PM) and freshwater usage, while the standards for sulphur dioxide emissions could be modified to align with NAAQ standards as set by CPCB.

• Next Steps and Considerations:

  • Union Minister Khattar emphasized the balance needed between public health, power tariffs, and climate concerns while awaiting the final decision from the CPCB.

Conclusion:

The debate over the mandatory nature of FGDs in coal-fired TPPs reflects the broader challenges India faces in balancing energy needs, environmental protection, and public health. The government’s cautious approach illustrates ongoing concerns about air quality standards and the economic implications of retrofitting existing infrastructure.

Important Points:

• Union Ministry of Power awaiting CPCB's decision on FGDs.
• High-powered committee recommends waiving FGDs for many plants.
• Compliance deadlines range from 2027 to 2029 for various categories.
• FGD installation is costly; implications for emerging power capacities.
• Public health and environmental standards remain primary considerations.