A comprehensive assessment conducted by the National Tiger Conservation Authority and the Wildlife Institute of India has provided detailed insights into the current status of ungulates in India, which include species such as deer, pigs, antelopes, and bison. Findings illustrate a decline in ungulate populations across various states, thereby posing significant challenges for conservation efforts, particularly regarding the habitat of tigers, which predominantly prey on these ungulates.

Key Findings:

• Ugulate Population Status:

  • The assessment leveraged data from the 2022 All-India Tiger Estimation exercise to evaluate the distribution and density of ungulates.
  • Major prey species, like chital (spotted deer), sambar (large deer), and gaur (Indian bison), show varied distribution across India.
  • While these species thrive in southern and northeastern forests, populations are declining in east-central regions such as Odisha, Jharkhand, and Chhattisgarh due to habitat degradation.

• Conservation Challenges:

  • Factors contributing to population decline include habitat loss owing to infrastructure development, mining, and subsistence hunting.
  • Certain species like the barasingha, wild buffalo, pygmy hog, and hog deer are at risk due to restricted genetic diversity and habitat fragmentation.
  • The core tiger prey species, though abundant within reserves and national parks, are lacking in areas with lesser protection, affecting tiger populations.

• Ecological Impact:

  • Ungulates play a crucial role in maintaining forest and soil health.
  • Declining ungulate populations disrupt the ecological balance within forests, thereby impacting tiger survival and their prey-predator dynamics.
  • Regions like Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh are nearing their carrying capacity concerning tigers, leading to human-wildlife conflicts as tigers stray into populated areas in search of food.

• Human-Wildlife Conflict:

  • The competing needs of ungulates, humans, and livestock heighten conflict scenarios, particularly in states like Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, and Madhya Pradesh.
  • The conversion of habitats into urban spaces and agricultural lands, alongside linear infrastructures like highways and railways, poses further threats to ungulate populations.

• Conservation Strategies:

  • Recommendations include augmenting ungulate populations through protective breeding in controlled environments to shield them from predators.
  • Restoration of habitats, protection of endangered wetlands, and addressing human-wildlife conflicts through sustainable practices are integral to ongoing conservation efforts.

Summary of Important Data:

• Tigers: Over 3,600, constituting about 70% of the global population. Key prey scenarios directly affect their survival.
• Prey Population Distribution: Spotted deer are most abundant, while populations like the hog deer are significantly declining due to environmental changes.
• Habitat Threats: Deforestation, farming, urbanization, and infrastructure development remain critical challenges.

This report underscores the vital connection between ungulate health and the broader ecological dynamics in India, emphasizing the need for targeted conservation approaches to mitigate threats and enhance biodiversity.

On June 5, 2025, World Environment Day was celebrated in Visakhapatnam with various initiatives focusing on environmental awareness, tree planting, and reducing plastic use. The event was organized under the joint efforts of the Forest Department, Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board, Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation (GVMC), and other governmental and non-governmental organizations.

Key Activities and Initiatives:

• Green Rally: District Collector M.N. Harendhira Prasad inaugurated a ‘green rally’ which started at the Kali Matha temple and ended at the AU Convention Centre on Beach Road. The rally aimed to promote environmental awareness.

• Sapling Planting Campaign: The District Collector announced a campaign to plant 5 lakh saplings, with a broader goal of planting over a million saplings throughout the district. He urged the public to protect these plants and emphasized the harmful effects of plastic, particularly single-use plastics, which are banned and pose significant health risks.

• Waltair Railway Division Activities: The Waltair Railway Division celebrated World Environment Day with varied activities from May 22 to June 5, themed “Beat Plastic Pollution.” This initiative focused on raising awareness regarding plastic use and enhancing green cover through massive plantation drives.

  • Thousands of saplings were planted in railway colonies and public spaces, with participation from key railway officials, including ADRM (Operations) Manoj Kumar Sahoo and ADRM (Infra) E. Santharam.

• ECoRWWO Initiatives: The East Coast Railway Women's Welfare Organisation (ECoRWWO) organized community plantation events aimed at preserving biodiversity. Key members participated actively in these initiatives.

• Cleanliness Campaigns: Cleanliness drives were conducted in several locations such as Duvvada, Vizianagaram, Simhachalam, and others, to emphasize the importance of waste management. The Chief Medical Officer D. Sarath Babu partook in these plantation activities, integrating public health into environmental discussions.

• Swachh Bharat Drive: A ‘Swachh Bharat’ drive was launched at Duvvada Railway Station, engaging representatives from various associations in a clean and green initiative.

• Public Engagement: Announcements regarding eco-awareness were made at railway stations to engage passengers, while free RO water bottles were distributed to travelers on specific trains.

Important Highlights:

• The overall theme of the day, “Beat Plastic Pollution,” was a call to action to terminate plastic pollution and safeguard the environment.

• The campaign goal of planting over a million saplings reflects a strong commitment to enhancing greenery and biodiversity in the district.

• The initiatives included participation from various sectors, showcasing a united effort towards environmental sustainability, public health, and awareness.

The observance of World Environment Day in Visakhapatnam underscores the integrated approach of governmental bodies and communities in environmental stewardship, highlighting the significance of sustainability and ecological responsibility in urban settings. The collaboration among multiple stakeholders, including industries and NGOs, exemplifies a collective effort towards a greener future, central to achieving long-term environmental goals.

On June 6, 2025, Prime Minister Narendra Modi initiated an environmental campaign in Delhi, which included the flag-off of electric buses and the planting of a sapling at Bhagwan Mahavir Vanasthali Park. The events were part of a broader mission aimed at creating a "clean and green Delhi" while rejuvenating the Aravali mountain range. This initiative coincided with World Environment Day, emphasizing the government's commitment to sustainable urban development and environmental conservation.

Key Highlights:

• Electric Buses Launch: PM Modi flagged off electric buses as part of an initiative by the Delhi government to promote sustainable development and improve urban mobility.

• Environmental Initiatives:

  • PM Modi and other officials emphasized the significance of conservation efforts in the Aravali range, which spans across several states, including Gujarat, Rajasthan, Haryana, and Delhi.
  • The plantation drive falls under the ‘Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam’ campaign aimed at reforesting the Aravali mountain range through the Aravalli Green Wall Project.

• Challenges Faced:

  • The Aravali range is facing severe environmental challenges that necessitate government intervention, including issues related to water systems, dust storms, and desertification.

• Innovative Planting Techniques:

  • Emphasis was placed on adopting new and innovative planting methods, particularly in urban and semi-urban areas, taking into account space constraints. The plantation activities will be geo-tagged and monitored through the Meri LiFE portal.

• Call for Reducing Plastic Use:

  • Delhi Chief Minister Rekha Gupta advocated for a significant reduction in plastic use, citing its adverse health impacts and its prevalence in everyday life.

• Reforestation Achievements:

  • Delhi's Lieutenant Governor V.K. Saxena announced that over 2.10 crore saplings have been planted across the capital by various agencies.
  • Additionally, 30 wetlands and water bodies are being developed along the Yamuna floodplain, with total saplings planted reaching approximately 700,000.

• Air Pollution Mitigation:

  • Saxena noted the Delhi government's dust mitigation plan as a critical step in addressing air pollution.
  • Efforts have been made to clear landfill sites, with 7.5 million metric tonnes of waste processed so far.
  • The number of waste segregation machines in the capital has significantly increased from 12 to 75, boosting daily waste processing capacity from 7,000 to 25,000 tonnes.

These initiatives reflect a holistic approach towards environmental management in Delhi, promoting not just tree planting but integrated urban planning and pollution control measures, as part of the broader framework for sustainable development.

Important Sentences:

• PM Narendra Modi launched electric buses and initiated planting drives on June 6, 2025, to promote a "clean and green Delhi."
• The 'Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam' campaign aims to reforest the Aravali mountain range as part of the Aravalli Green Wall Project.
• Environmental challenges like dust storms and desertification in the Aravali range prompted government action.
• Innovative geo-tagged planting techniques are being implemented for urban areas.
• Over 2.10 crore saplings have been planted in Delhi as part of extensive ecological restoration efforts.
• The government has developed 30 wetlands along the Yamuna floodplain to enhance biodiversity.
• Air pollution mitigation plans and waste management have been prioritized, including significant waste processing advancements.

Overall, the events underscore the government's agenda for environmental sustainability and urban resilience in the face of various ecological challenges.

Summary of News Article: Andhra Pradesh's Green Initiative

Andhra Pradesh's Chief Minister, N. Chandrababu Naidu, has unveiled an extensive environmental plan aimed at significantly increasing the state's green cover to 37% by 2029 and 50% by 2047. This announcement was made during World Environment Day celebrations at ADC Park in Ananthavaram, Guntur district, where Naidu emphasized the collective responsibility of citizens in environmental conservation.

Key points of the initiative include:

• Tree Plantation Drive: A commitment to plant one crore trees, with a target of raising 5.58 crore saplings by the next Environment Day.
• Appointment of Adviser: Komera Ankarao, known as the ‘Andhra Forest Man,’ has been appointed as the Adviser to the Forest and Environment Department to lead the state's green initiatives.
• Global Warming Concerns: Naidu addressed pressing environmental issues such as declining rainfall, groundwater depletion, risks to agriculture, and rising health problems related to fluoride, underscoring the critical role of trees in mitigating these challenges.
• Youth Involvement: The Deputy Chief Minister, K. Pawan Kalyan, highlighted the importance of public participation, particularly among youth, launching innovative campaigns such as 'Seed Rakhi' to engage young girls in environmental protection.
• Urban Forest Development: Plans to establish urban forests across all 175 Assembly constituencies in the state.
• Plastic Waste Management: An aim to eliminate single-use plastic across Andhra Pradesh by June 2026.
• Current Green Cover Status: The state currently possesses a green cover of 30.05%, with forest land making up 23% of the region.
• Historical Context: Naidu criticized previous administrations for superficial tree-planting activities, asserting that the current government is focused on sustainable and measurable environmental impact.

Additional initiatives include transforming Amaravati into a futuristic green capital, featuring Miyawaki gardens and renewable energy projects, along with free 2-kilowatt solar panels for Scheduled Caste (SC) and Scheduled Tribe (ST) households. The administration is also promoting waste-to-energy plants in Guntur and Visakhapatnam, and has established 157 Reduce-Reuse-Recycle (RRR) centres across 87 municipalities.

Naidu concluded his address with an announcement regarding International Yoga Day, scheduled for June 21, emphasizing that under the leadership of Prime Minister Narendra Modi, efforts would be made to achieve a Guinness World Record with participation from over 2 crore people across Andhra Pradesh.

Important Sentences:

• Andhra Pradesh aims to increase its green cover to 37% by 2029 and 50% by 2047.
• A one-crore tree plantation drive was launched, with a target of planting 5.58 crore saplings by next year.
• Komera Ankarao has been appointed as an Adviser in the Forest and Environment Department.
• There are pressing concerns regarding global warming, groundwater depletion, and health issues.
• Pawan Kalyan emphasized youth involvement through innovative campaigns.
• Plans include the establishment of urban forests and the elimination of single-use plastics by June 2026.
• Current green cover is at 30.05%, with forests covering 23% of the state's land area.
• Sustainable practices and measurable impacts are prioritized over previous superficial efforts.
• International Yoga Day is set for June 21, aiming for a Guinness World Record participation.

This announcement marks a significant step towards enhancing Andhra Pradesh's environmental sustainability and showcases the state's commitment to combating climate change and fostering community involvement.

Summary of News Article on Manoj Kumar's Environmental Initiatives

Manoj Kumar, a 54-year-old resident of Bettiah in the West Champaran district of Bihar, has taken significant steps to enhance ecological balance and combat environmental pollution and global warming.

• Background: Mr. Kumar, who holds an honors degree in Zoology from Bihar University, started his environmental campaign in 2007 as a response to pressing ecological issues, marking his efforts to align with the 150th anniversary of India’s first war of independence.

• Achievements: Over 19 years, he has independently planted more than 10,000 saplings, showcasing the potential impact of individual efforts in promoting sustainability. His community-oriented initiatives encourage participation and awareness about the importance of environmental conservation.

• Recognition: The Bihar government plans to honor Mr. Kumar on June 5, 2025, during a state function at Gyan Bhavan in Patna, coinciding with World Environment Day. His contributions have drawn attention from various levels of government.

• Philosophy and Initiatives: He emphasizes that the balance of ecological systems is crucial for sustainable development and addresses issues such as soil quality, water pollution, and air quality deterioration caused by human activities. His slogan resonates with his three principles: "Plant, Planet, and Patriotism."

• Community Engagement: Kumar encourages citizens to participate in planting saplings at public locations, such as schools and hospitals, with proper permissions. His outreach extends to regions beyond Bihar, including Nepal, where saplings have also been planted.

• Personal Sacrifices: Despite financial constraints, Kumar has been committed to his mission, once withdrawing from his Provident Fund to sustain his planting activities. His family, initially skeptical, has come to support his endeavors, and his children participate in spreading awareness among peers.

• Future Goals: Mr. Kumar has a vision to increase India’s forest cover to 33% by the time the nation celebrates the 175th anniversary of the 1857 uprising.

• Official Support: Sunil Kumar, the Minister for Environment, Forest and Climate Change, will preside over the function honoring Manoj Kumar, highlighting institutional support for individual environmental efforts.

In summary, Manoj Kumar embodies the spirit of community involvement and individual responsibility towards environmental conservation, making him a noteworthy figure in ongoing ecological efforts in Bihar and beyond. His work underscores the critical role individuals play in addressing larger environmental challenges.

Key Points:

• Manoj Kumar, a resident of Bettiah, Bihar, has planted over 10,000 saplings in 19 years.
• He began his environmental campaign in 2007 during the 150th anniversary of the revolt of 1857.
• The Bihar government will honor him on June 5, 2025, for his contributions to ecology.
• Kumar’s efforts focus on raising awareness and community participation in environmental conservation.
• He emphasizes the principles of "Plant, Planet, and Patriotism."
• Despite financial challenges, he remains dedicated to his mission, sometimes using personal savings to fund his activities.
• The goal is to achieve 33% forest cover in India by the 175th anniversary of the 1857 uprising.

The article elaborates on the agrobiodiversity crisis in India, especially in the northeastern regions, and highlights the nutritional and medicinal offerings of local flora, primarily known among tribal communities.

Summary:

• Agrobiodiversity Crisis: A recent trip to Arunachal Pradesh showcased the diversity of locally sourced foods among tribal communities. However, government officials express concern over the rapid decline in agrobiodiversity in northeast India, which parallels global trends in species extinction.

• Global Context: India occupies about 2% of the Earth's land yet houses nearly 8% of global biodiversity. It ranks as one of 17 megadiverse countries and displays sections of four biodiversity hotspots. The natural services provided by India's forests are valued at over ₹130 trillion annually, supporting the livelihoods of a majority of the rural population.

• Economic Impact: The ongoing decline in these natural assets directly impacts India's GDP and sustainable development, despite the potential of biodiversity to enhance human well-being remaining largely untapped.

• Food System Imbalance: The global food system is currently dominated by three crops—rice, wheat, and maize—that account for over 50% of plant-based calories. This dominance has led to nutritional imbalances and increased susceptibility to climate-related challenges.

• Emergence of Neglected and Underutilized Species (NUS): Traditional crops like millets, buckwheat, and indigenous legumes are often disregarded in favor of commercial crops but are increasingly being recognized for their nutritional density and climate resilience, earning the designation “Opportunity Crops.”

• Indigenous Agricultural Practices: For instance, the Kolli Hills community in Tamil Nadu historically cultivated local millets, but has gradually shifted toward cash crops over three decades, prompting concern over agrobiodiversity loss.

• M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation: MSSRF has been instrumental in promoting millet crop diversity through grassroots initiatives that empower farmers, particularly women, and improve soil health, crop diversity, and income generation.

• Government Initiatives: The Indian government's action plan under the UN-declared International Year of Millets and the Shree Anna Yojana focuses on enhancing production, consumption, and export of millets, alongside initiatives like various State-led Millet Missions.

• Koraput District Case Study: In Odisha, collaboration with the Odisha Millet Mission demonstrates community efforts in millet revival from seed to consumption. Expanding state missions to include a wider variety of minor millets is encouraged.

• Sustainable Agricultural Vision: The article invokes Professor M.S. Swaminathan’s vision of an "Evergreen Revolution," emphasizing ecological balance over chemical dependence to ensure nutrition security.

• Future of Food: A diverse and nutritious future food system is advocated, which not only revives forgotten foods and culinary practices but enhances cultural identity and ecological knowledge amid climate challenges.

• Emerging Biodiversity Science: An interdisciplinary approach to biodiversity and its sustainable use is emerging globally. India has the potential to leverage its human resources and scientific capabilities in addressing pressing challenges pertaining to agriculture, health, Nutrition, and climate change.

• Leadership and Economic Potential: India is poised to emerge as a global leader in the conservation and sustainable use of natural resources, resulting in improved health and human well-being. A vision of "Biohappiness," as proposed by M.S. Swaminathan, is proposed for the nation.

Key Points:

• Nutritional diversity is threatened; tribes possess valuable traditional knowledge.
• India is a megadiverse country, critical for global biodiversity.
• Economic costs emerge from the loss of biodiversity impacting GDP.
• Global agriculture overly reliant on a few staple crops is leading to food insecurity.
• NUS, or Opportunity Crops, have significant potential and historical importance.
• MSSRF initiatives are vital for reviving local crop diversity and empowering communities.
• Government programmes support millet production and value chain improvement.
• M.S. Swaminathan’s principles of environmental balance guide future strategies.
• Diverse food systems are essential for cultural and ecological sustainability.
• India's strategic use of biodiversity science could secure its role in global agriculture.

The article, published on June 5, 2025, emphasizes the importance of revitalizing local food systems for sustainable development and cultural preservation amid a biodiversity crisis.

In observance of World Environment Day on June 5, 2025, the focus is on eradicating plastic pollution, highlighting the risks posed by micro-plastics and various environmental hazards that collectively contribute to a significant disease burden, particularly in India. The current trends show that India represents around 25% of the global environmental disease burden, which necessitates innovative approaches to environmental management through integrated health risk assessments.

Key Highlights:

• World Environment Day 2025: Emphasis on ending plastic pollution and addressing micro-plastics as major environmental issues.
• Environmental Disease Burden: India accounts for nearly 25% of global environmental disease burden, with around three million deaths and significant disability attributable to occupational and environmental health risks.
• Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study: WHO's GBD study indicates that environmental and occupational risk factors accounted for 18.9% of global deaths (approximately 12.8 million in 2021). The major contributors include ambient air pollution (4.2% of Disability Adjusted Life Years - DALYs) and household air pollution (3.9% DALYs).
• Health Impacts: Occupational and environmental health risks are closely linked to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) like ischemic heart disease, chronic lung illnesses, and rising rates of diabetes and chronic kidney disease.
• IQ Loss in Children: India is responsible for losses of up to 154 million IQ points in children under five due to lead exposure and other environmental factors.

Challenges in Data and Assessment:

• Limited categories of environmental risk factors are currently addressed in health assessments due to insufficient exposure data. Notably, dangers from chemical exposures, micro-plastics, and environmental noise remain unquantified.
• There is a lack of understanding regarding interactions between environmental risks and other health determinants, such as metabolic and behavioral risk factors.

Interlinkages with Climate Change:

• Climate change exacerbates health risks through intensified environmental challenges such as extreme weather, air quality deterioration, and food security disruption.
• Mental health implications stemming from ecological stress and adverse health effects from climate-sensitive factors also necessitate consideration.

Exposomics Approach:

• The concept of "exposomics" is introduced as a means to assess all lifetime exposures and their associations with health outcomes. Traditional environmental health research often overlooks complex interactions throughout an individual's lifespan.
• Exposomics seeks to integrate multiple disciplines, utilizing technology like real-time monitoring, big data, and AI to understand the interplay between environmental, genetic, and lifestyle factors.

Recommendations for India:

• Strategic investments in long-term environmental health surveillance and capacity building for exposomics generating tools are vital for public health advancement.
• Creating a data ecosystem for harmonized access to exposure data can facilitate the inclusion of critical risk factors into disease assessments.

Future Prospects:

• Engagement in exposomics could transform public health strategies in India, ultimately aiding in the generation of accurate predictive models for chronic diseases while promoting precision medicine.
• The moment is deemed appropriate for India’s environmental health sector to contribute actively to the global discourse on exposomics, ensuring health equity through effective prevention strategies.

Published Reference:

• The article authored by Dr. Kalpana Balakrishnan was published on June 5, 2025, in conjunction with World Environment Day observances.

This discourse not only addresses the urgent environmental health priorities in India but also serves as a framework for future health advancement strategies at the intersection of technology and environmental management.

In 2006, India's tiger population reached a critical low of approximately 1,400, prompting significant changes in wildlife management strategies. Following these adjustments, the National Tiger Census of 2023 reported a notable increase, revealing over 3,600 tigers inhabiting the country’s protected areas. However, the census also highlighted concerning declines in tiger populations in states such as Telangana, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and Odisha.

Key Findings:

• Tiger Population Recovery: From a low of 1,400 in 2006 to over 3,600 in 2023 due to improved wildlife management.
• Areas of Concern: Declines in tiger numbers specifically noted in Telangana, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and Odisha.

A national assessment conducted by the Wildlife Institute of India (WII) and the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) has revealed alarming trends regarding the prey base necessary for sustaining tiger populations, specifically herbivores like chital, sambhar, and Indian bison. A stable prey base is crucial not only for the nutrition of tigers but also to mitigate human-wildlife conflicts, as tigers are less likely to encroach on human settlements when sufficient prey is available in protected areas.

• Prey Base Decline: The study indicates a decline in key herbivores which are essential for tiger sustainability.
• Human-Wildlife Conflict: Insufficient prey pushes tigers toward human habitats in search of food, increasing conflict.

Research published earlier in 2023 in the journal Science corroborated these findings, establishing a link between the decline in tiger populations and the diminishing prey base. The study pointed out that reserves such as Guru Ghasidas, Indravati, and Udanti-Sitanadi in Chhattisgarh, along with Simlipal and Satkosia in Odisha, are located in some of India’s poorest districts. It identified poverty as a significant factor contributing to poaching of ungulates.

• Link to Poverty: Declining tiger populations correlate with socioeconomic challenges and poaching rates linked to bush meat demands.
• Conservation Challenges: Ineffective protections in these reserves, often resulting from weak socio-economic conditions.

The study's conclusions emphasized a dual approach: biodiversity recovery must be intertwined with socioeconomic development. It noted that reserves near economically prosperous regions had favorable conditions for conservation, largely benefitting from eco-tourism.

To rejuvenate the prey base, the WII and NTCA executed strategies recommending the on-site breeding of ungulates in predator-proof enclosures. However, this is considered a temporary solution due to the inherent weaknesses in the anti-predatory behavior of animals raised in such confined environments.

• Short-Term Breeding Measures: Suggested as a solution, but not a sustainable long-term strategy.
• Habitat Quality: Improving habitat conditions poses a more vital requirement for the long-term recovery of tigers.

Despite concerns about prey and tiger populations, certain regions, such as Chhattisgarh, retain high-quality forests and have seen a reduction in left-wing extremism, which previously obstructed conservation efforts.

• Potential for Improvement: High-quality habitats still exist, raising hopes for the recovery of tiger populations through suitable conservation measures.
• Community Involvement: Emphasis on engaging local populations to support sustainable conservation efforts.

In conclusion, while the overall tiger population in India has recovered significantly since 2006, challenges such as declining prey numbers, socioeconomic factors, and habitat quality necessitate focused intervention strategies to ensure the ongoing sustainability of both tiger populations and their respective ecosystems.

Summary of Monsoon Activity in Mumbai

Mumbai has recently experienced an early onset of the southwest monsoon, occurring on May 26, 2023, marking the earliest arrival in 75 years. Despite initial heavy rainfall, monsoon activity has significantly diminished in the subsequent week.

• Rainfall Statistics:

  • Colaba weather station received 503.2 mm of rain in May 2023, the highest since 1918.
  • Santacruz station recorded 378.4 mm of rain, the wettest May in 25 years.
  • Data from the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) showed only 9.2 mm and 8.2 mm of rain at Santacruz and Colaba, respectively, in early June.
  • Typically, Mumbai experiences an average rainfall of 537 mm in June.

• Monsoon Dynamics:

  • Heavy rainfalls are generally triggered by strong westerly winds, the monsoon trough, and the Somali Jet.
  • The monsoon trough is a semi-permanent low-pressure area extending from Pakistan to the Bay of Bengal, while the Somali Jet is an inter-hemispheric airflow responsible for moisture transport.
  • Currently, these systems are inactive, leading to sporadic showers in the city.

• Current Weather Conditions:

  • Meteorologists noted that there is a lack of active weather systems capable of inducing heavy rainfall, therefore only light and infrequent showers persist.
  • An earlier low-pressure area (LPA) that caused significant rain from May 24 to May 27 has dissipated.

• Forecasts and Expectations:

  • The IMD has indicated no substantial rain in the immediate future, with light showers expected to continue for at least another five days.
  • No warnings for heavy rain have been issued up to June 7.
  • Starting June 7, the region might witness the return of thundershowers, with meteorologists anticipating a potential strengthening of the monsoon by June 8.
  • The IMD's long-range forecast suggests that rainfall for June will be "above normal", which may also contribute to a decrease in temperatures, expected to stay within normal to below-normal ranges.

This changeable monsoon pattern in Mumbai, with notable early activity followed by a lull, mirrors trends observed in previous years. The city's meteorological monitoring continues to adapt to the dynamic weather systems influencing monsoon patterns, especially in light of climatic variability.

Key Points:

• Early southwest monsoon onset on May 26; first in 75 years.
• Record rainfall: 503.2 mm at Colaba (highest since 1918) and 378.4 mm at Santacruz (highest in 25 years).
• Early June saw a sharp decline in rainfall: 9.2 mm and 8.2 mm at Santacruz and Colaba, respectively.
• Monsoon dynamics affected by inactive weather systems such as the monsoon trough and the Somali Jet.
• IMD forecast indicates light showers for the next five days; no heavy rains expected until after June 7.
• Potential return of active monsoon conditions by June 8, with a forecast of “above normal” rainfall for the month.

A campaign titled "Voice of Bharat: Youth for Sustainability" aimed at encouraging the youth to engage in innovative activities that promote environmental and climate action was launched on June 5, 2025, coinciding with the eve of World Environment Day. Rajasthan Chief Minister Bhajan Lal Sharma inaugurated this initiative, emphasizing the need to harness the creativity and digital fluency of young people in efforts to foster a culture of sustainability.

Key points of the campaign include:

• Objective: The initiative aims to inspire youth, particularly students from colleges and universities, to create content that raises public awareness about climate change, environmental degradation, and sustainable living practices.
• Organizing Bodies: The campaign is organized under the Jaipur-based Lok Samvad Sansthan (LSS) and New Delhi-based Sustainability Karma.
• Leadership: LSS secretary Kalyan Singh Kothari highlighted the focus on youth engagement to facilitate behavioral changes and to encourage both individual and collective actions towards environmental improvement.
• Hope for Impact: Chief Minister Sharma expressed optimism that the campaign would lead to enhanced environmental outcomes and a shift in public behavior regarding sustainability.

By promoting the involvement of young people and utilizing their creative skills, the campaign seeks to instill a sense of responsibility for environmental issues and to mobilize them towards proactive measures.

This initiative is significant as it aligns with global efforts to address environmental challenges, particularly in the context of climate action goals highlighted by international agreements. The emphasis on the role of youth in nation-building through innovative environmental activities is a strategic approach to engage a demographic that is increasingly pivotal in shaping sustainable futures.

Important Sentences:

• A campaign named "Voice of Bharat: Youth for Sustainability" was launched by Rajasthan Chief Minister Bhajan Lal Sharma on June 5, 2025, on the eve of World Environment Day.
• The initiative aims to inspire youth, especially college and university students, to produce content that raises awareness about climate change and sustainability.
• Organized by Lok Samvad Sansthan (LSS) and Sustainability Karma, the campaign focuses on tapping into youth creativity and digital skills.
• The campaign aims to foster behavioral changes and collective actions to improve environmental outcomes.
• Chief Minister Sharma highlighted the importance of engaging youth in nation-building through innovative approaches to sustainability.

Summary of World Environment Day 2025 Initiatives by Union Jal Shakti Minister Shri C.R. Patil

On June 5, 2025, a significant event took place in Bulandshahr, Uttar Pradesh, in celebration of World Environment Day, organized under the ‘Namami Gange Mission’ and presided over by Union Jal Shakti Minister Shri C.R. Patil. The event emphasized India's commitment to holistic river rejuvenation and sustainable environmental practices across three critical themes: ecological restoration, promotion of sustainable practices, and the integration of modern technology in river conservation efforts.

Key Highlights:

• Cultural Significance of Rivers:

  • Shri C.R. Patil highlighted the reverence of rivers like the Ganga in Indian culture, noting that their protection is both a duty and a spiritual responsibility.

• Addressing Pollution:

  • Plastic pollution was identified as a major challenge. The Minister advocated for curbing pollution at its source, eliminating plastic usage, and enhancing public awareness.

• Namami Gange Mission:

  • The mission has established Sewage Treatment Plants across the Ganga basin to prevent untreated wastewater from entering the river.
  • Over ₹40,000 crore has been invested in nearly 500 projects aimed at reviving water resources and ecosystems.

• Physical Participation in Conservation Efforts:

  • Shri Patil, alongside various stakeholders, engaged in on-ground activities, including releasing fish and turtles to restore the aquatic food chain and participating in a cleanliness drive at the ghat.

• Promoting Sustainable Practices:

  • A tree plantation drive was organized, planting around 100 trees dedicated to the Ganga, fostering ecological balance.
  • A workshop on natural farming was inaugurated, emphasizing sustainable agriculture and the reduction of chemical fertilizers.

• Integration of Technology:

  • Launch of drone and LiDAR surveys to identify drains discharging pollutants into the Ganga was highlighted as a pivotal step in pollution control efforts.
  • Modern technology has enhanced data collection, thus allowing for targeted interventions.

• Ganga Praharis and Youth Engagement:

  • Over 200 Ganga Praharis, students, and agricultural experts participated in the event, sharing initiatives for eco-friendly practices.
  • The National River Conservation Directorate released a report providing updates on ongoing projects and environmental data.

• Mobile Library Initiative:

  • Inauguration of a mobile library by the National Book Trust aims to promote environmental awareness through literature and storytelling in rural and semi-urban communities.

• International Recognition:

  • The Namami Gange Mission has gained international recognition as one of the top 10 ecosystem restoration initiatives at the UN Biodiversity Conference, underscoring India’s role in global environmental stewardship.

Conclusion

The event underscored a collaborative approach involving scientific, traditional, and community engagement efforts to foster meaningful environmental changes. It showcased the Indian government's steadfast commitment to not only protecting the Ganga and its tributaries but also ensuring sustainable ecological practices for future generations.

Important Bullet Points:

• Event Date: June 5, 2025 (World Environment Day).
• Presiding Minister: Union Jal Shakti Minister Shri C.R. Patil.
• Key Themes: Ecological restoration, sustainable practices, modern technology integration.
• Mission Investment: Over ₹40,000 crore in nearly 500 projects via the Namami Gange Mission.
• Pollution Focus: Emphasis on curbing plastic pollution and raising public awareness.
• Youth Participation: Over 200 Ganga Praharis and students engaged in initiatives.
• Technological Advance: Launch of drone and LiDAR surveys to combat pollution.
• Cultural Engagement: Activities included fish releases, tree plantations, and workshops on natural farming.
• International Recognition: Recognized as one of the top 10 ecological restoration initiatives at the UN Biodiversity Conference.

Summary of World Environment Day Event Addressed by Dr. Jitendra Singh

On June 5, 2023, Union Minister of State for Science and Technology, Dr. Jitendra Singh, emphasized the importance of environmental preservation for future generations during the celebration of World Environment Day. His address highlighted India’s commitment to climate action and the pivotal role of scientific innovation driven by youth and community involvement.

Key Highlights:

• Collective Responsibility: Dr. Singh stated, "We owe it to the next generation to preserve the environment for them," urging citizens to adopt sustainable practices as a national duty.

• Climate Resilience Approach: India’s strategy on climate resilience integrates scientific innovation with active public participation, with initiatives like Mission LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment) designed to instigate lifestyle changes.

• Panchamrit Commitments: Singh reaffirmed India's climate commitments under Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s leadership, emphasizing goals set at COP26, including:

  • Achieving 500 GW of non-fossil fuel energy capacity by 2030.
  • Meeting 50% of energy needs through renewables.
  • Reducing carbon emissions by 1 billion tonnes.
  • Reducing carbon intensity by 45%.
  • Achieving net-zero emissions by 2070.

• National Climate Missions: The Department of Science and Technology (DST) oversees two major missions:

  • National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem (NMSHE)
  • National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change (NMSKCC)

• Scientific Infrastructure Investment: DST is increasing investments in scientific infrastructure, including:

  • Ice-Core Research Facility at the University of Kashmir.
  • Installation of automated weather stations.
  • Development of high-end computing capabilities.

• Youth Involvement in Innovation: Notably, initiatives like IIT Mandi's ‘Himalayan Startup Trek’ promote young innovators tackling challenges related to mountain ecosystems.

• Urban Climate Research: DST initiated a call for proposals to enhance research on urban climates, acknowledging the growing vulnerabilities in cities.

• Decarbonization Initiatives: Ongoing projects include:

  • Hydrogen Valley Innovation Clusters (HVIC).
  • Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU) technologies for the power and cement sectors.
  • Collaboration with international partners, such as the UK and Sweden.

• BioE3 Policy: A vital component of India's Net Zero Carbon Economy roadmap, aimed at promoting a circular bioeconomy through support for biomanufacturing and climate-resilient agriculture.

• National Policy on Blue Economy: This policy seeks to optimize maritime resources for sustainable growth in sectors like fisheries and tourism.

• Financial Commitment: The recent ₹50,000 crore development plan in Bhuj underscores India's dedication to sustainable ocean-based growth.

• Weather Surveillance Technology: Initiatives like ‘Mission Mausam’ focus on improving weather prediction capabilities for increased climate resilience.

• Clean Coal Technologies Compendium: Released during the event, this document compiles achievements from a R&D programme launched in 2017, displaying significant technological advancements in clean coal development.

Additional Initiatives Spotlighted:

• Recovery of End-of-Life Solar PV Modules: Support for proposals promoting sustainability in solar energy.
• Indo-Danish Green Hydrogen Projects: Focus on fostering innovation in the green hydrogen sector.
• GRiH-COOL R&D Call: Targets the development of sustainable heating and cooling technologies for buildings.

Conclusion:

Dr. Jitendra Singh's address and the initiatives launched during the event reinforce the Indian government's commitment to achieving sustainability and climate resilience through collaborative scientific efforts and public engagement. Various dignitaries, including Ambassadors and leading scientists, participated in the event, showcasing a united front in advancing climate action.

Important Points:

• Dr. Singh emphasized environmental preservation for future generations.
• India’s Panchamrit commitments outline the roadmap to carbon neutrality by 2070.
• The DST spearheads key climate missions and invests in scientific infrastructure.
• Youth engagement is crucial for driving innovation in climate solutions.
• The government highlights significant policies and funding initiatives to support sustainable growth.

Summary of News Article: Indian Railways and its Role in Greener Future

The article discusses the initiatives taken by Indian Railways in pursuing sustainable practices aimed at reducing carbon emissions and enhancing environmental responsibility. Prime Minister Narendra Modi emphasized Indian Railways' pivotal role in building a greener future by sharing insights from an article written by the Union Minister for Railways, Ashwini Vaishnaw.

Key Highlights:

• Initiative Overview: The article highlights the significant strides made by Indian Railways towards sustainable operations, particularly through electrification and the transition to clean energy sources. The plans aim to achieve net-zero emissions in the near future.

• Electrification: Indian Railways is rapidly expanding its electric infrastructure, which is essential in reducing dependence on fossil fuels and minimizing greenhouse gas emissions. This is part of a broader move to modernize operations while aligning with global sustainability goals.

• World Environment Day: The Prime Minister's promotion of this initiative coincided with World Environment Day (June 5), a day celebrated globally to encourage awareness and action for environmental protection. The alignment of Indian Railways' efforts with this significant date underscores the government's commitment to sustainability.

• Government Support: The initiative has strong backing from the Indian government, illustrating an integrated approach towards environmental sustainability across different sectors.

• Achieving Net-Zero Emissions: The ambition to reach net-zero emissions reflects India's commitment to international climate agreements and benchmarks, such as the Paris Agreement, aimed at curbing greenhouse gas emissions globally.

• Social Media Outreach: The Prime Minister's Office utilized the social media platform X (formerly Twitter) to amplify Ashwini Vaishnaw's message, demonstrating the government’s engagement strategy in promoting environmental initiatives.

• Future Commitment: Continuing along this path, Indian Railways plans further investments and projects that would boost energy efficiency and reduce the overall carbon footprint of its operations.

In conclusion, the proactive steps taken by Indian Railways towards electrification and clean energy signify a robust framework aimed at sustainable development, marking a considerable shift towards environmental stewardship within India’s transport sector.

Important Sentences:

• Prime Minister Narendra Modi highlighted Indian Railways' role in achieving a greener future.
• The Ministry of Railways is aiming for net-zero emissions through rapid electrification and clean energy initiatives.
• The Prime Minister's comments come in conjunction with World Environment Day, reinforcing governmental focus on sustainability.
• Indian Railways' push toward electrification aims to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and decrease greenhouse gas emissions.
• The integrated government approach supports environmental sustainability across various sectors.
• The initiative demonstrates alignment with international climate agreements, such as the Paris Agreement.
• The Prime Minister's Office actively promotes these environmental initiatives through social media, aiming to engage the public.
• Future plans by Indian Railways are set to enhance energy efficiency and further reduce carbon emissions.

On June 4, 2025, Chief Minister Rekha Gupta launched the 'Air Pollution Mitigation Plan 2025' aimed at addressing air pollution in Delhi through continuous, year-round efforts. The plan emphasizes the importance of clean air for the health and well-being of the citizens, with a slogan of "Shuddh hawa sabka adhikar — pradushan par zordar prahar" (Clean air everyone’s right — decisive strike against pollution).

Key Highlights of the Air Pollution Mitigation Plan 2025:

• Continuous Efforts: The Chief Minister highlighted the need for ongoing action against pollution rather than seasonal measures, stressing the impact of air quality on public health.

• Multifaceted Action Plan: The initiative focuses on eight key areas, integrating technological advancements and strict compliance to combat pollution effectively.

• Combatting Dust Pollution:

  • Deployment of 200 mechanical road sweepers, 70 electric litter pickers, 38 water tankers, and 20 dump vehicles.
  • Mandatory installation of anti-smog guns in high-rise commercial buildings exceeding 3,000 square meters.

• Monitoring and Enforcement:

  • Use of an AI-based system to monitor construction sites, issue automated notices, and enact penalties for environmental violations.
  • Implementation of GPS and camera monitoring for operations planned during night hours to minimize traffic disruption.

• Support for Electric Vehicles: The expansion of an electric vehicle charging network across key urban areas including commercial hubs and transportation terminals is a priority.

• Upgraded Pollution Control: Pollution control centers in Delhi will be audited biannually and improved to ensure effective monitoring.

• Urban Greening Initiative: An aggressive tree plantation effort named 'Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam' will initiate the planting of 7 million saplings commencing on World Environment Day.

• Vehicle Restrictions: Starting November 1, 2025, only BS-VI, CNG, and electric light, medium, and heavy goods vehicles will be allowed entry into the city to reduce vehicular emissions.

• Public Participation: Emphasis on citizen involvement through the initiative encouraging residents to become 'Environment Doots' or ambassadors for the environment.

• Waste Management Goals: Plans to completely eliminate waste at landfills in Okhla by March 2027, Bhalswa by December 2027, and Ghazipur by September 2028.

• Waste-to-Energy Expansion: The existing waste-to-energy facility in Okhla will be upgraded to process 2,950 tonnes per day by March 2027, and a new plant with a capacity of 3,000 tonnes per day will be established at Narela-Bawana by November 2028.

• Critique of Previous Policies: The Chief Minister favored a new approach over the former Aam Aadmi Party government’s odd-even vehicle policy, citing public inconvenience and practicality for families with single cars.

The launch of the 'Air Pollution Mitigation Plan 2025' signifies a crucial shift in environmental policy in Delhi, with its comprehensive approach aimed at improving air quality and enhancing the ecological health of the capital in the coming years.

Important Points:

• Launch date of the 'Air Pollution Mitigation Plan 2025': June 4, 2025.
• “Shuddh hawa sabka adhikar — pradushan par zordar prahar” slogan introduced.
• Key measures include deployment of clean-up machinery and AI for monitoring.
• Electric vehicle support and urban greening initiatives highlighted.
• Emphasis on comprehensive waste management and pollutant restriction measures.
• Public involvement sought through community participation in environmental efforts.
• Criticism of past policy decisions regarding vehicle regulations by the previous government.

The Centre for Air Quality Management (CAQM) has announced stringent measures aimed at reducing air pollution and minimizing the risks of fires at landfill sites within the National Capital Region (NCR). These directives are focused on enhancing the management of sanitary landfill sites and dumpsites, reflecting a growing concern regarding environmental degradation and public health.

Key Points:

• Issuance of Directions: The CAQM has issued statutory directions specifically targeting landfill sites in the NCR to combat air pollution and fire hazards.

• Preventive Measures: The measures include:

  • CCTV Installation: Mandatory installation of closed-circuit television cameras for 24/7 surveillance of landfill operations.
  • Fencing: All landfill sites must be fenced to deter unauthorized access that can compromise safety and monitoring protocols.
  • Methane Detection: Deployment of methane gas detectors is required to identify potential high-risk zones within the sites that are prone to gas leaks or fires.
  • Fire-Fighting Infrastructure: Landfill sites are to be equipped with essential fire-fighting resources, including hydrants, water tankers, and earth movers to facilitate soil spreading and suppress fires.

These measures reflect the government's proactive approach to managing landfill operations and tackling environmental challenges in the NCR, which continues to struggle with air quality issues and the dangers posed by landfill fires. The implementation of these statutory directions is pivotal for ensuring public safety, improving air quality, and adhering to environmental standards set forth by relevant authorities.

The announcement underscores the government's commitment to protecting the environment and highlights the urgent need for enhanced safety protocols at landfill sites as part of a comprehensive strategy to improve urban air quality in India.

A high-powered committee led by India's Principal Scientific Advisor Ajay Sood has recommended the removal of the mandatory installation of Flu Gas Desulphurisation (FGD) units in coal-fired thermal power plants (TPPs). This policy has been in place for a decade, aimed at reducing sulphur dioxide (SO2) emissions from these power plants. Here are the key points emerging from the recommendations and the context surrounding them:

Overview

• Recommendation Context: As per the recommendation, around 80% of India's approx. 600 TPPs, which have not yet adopted FGD technology, may be exempted from retrofitting these units.
• Current FGD Installation Status: Up to 92% of TPPs in India have yet to install the mandated FGD units.

Reasons for the Recommendation

• Limited Vendor Capability: The few vendors capable of installing FGDs and the high associated installation costs have historically hindered compliance.
• COVID-19 Disruptions: The pandemic has also impacted installation timelines.
• Financial Implications: Potential non-compliance costs could amount to crores in fines, though penalties have been deferred through deadline extensions.

Governmental Deliberation

• The committee met on April 23, 2025, involving representatives from multiple governmental bodies including the Office of the PSA, Union Power Ministry, and NITI Aayog.
• Three significant reports informed the committee’s recommendation, substantiating the view that FGDs may not be essential:
  • Reports from CSIR-NEERI, National Institute of Advanced Studies, and Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi.

Findings Highlighted by the Committee

• Current SO2 Levels: Ambient SO2 levels in India average between 10-20 micrograms/cubic meter, significantly below the national air quality standard of 80 micrograms/m3.
• Coal Composition: Indian coal has low sulphur content, which reduces the necessity for FGDs.
• Comparative Emissions: India's SO2 emissions rose from 4,000 kilotonnes in 2010 to 6,000 kilotonnes in 2022, while emissions in Indonesia remained lower, with stricter Indian standards requiring FGDs.

Environmental Implications

• Long-term CO2 Emissions: The committee cautioned that installing FGDs might ironically increase CO2 emissions by approximately 69 million tons from 2025-2030, while decreasing SO2 emissions by only 17 million tons.
• Public Health Standards: The recommendation hinges on the premise that compliance with existing National Ambient Air Quality (NAAQ) standards, specifically the stack emission standards for particulate matter (PM) and freshwater consumption, is sufficient for public health safety.

Future Compliance Categories

• Categorization of TPPs: The committee proposed that installations be enforced primarily in Category A plants (near urban centers), while Category B and C plants would face case-by-case evaluations.
  • Category A Plants: 66 identified, with only 14 installing FGDs; compliance required by 2027.
  • Category B Plants: 72 identified, currently on track for compliance by 2028.
  • Category C Plants: 462 identified; a majority exempted, with compliance deadlines extended to 2029 for some.

Conclusion

The recommendation to reduce the requirement for FGDs reflects a significant shift in India's approach to managing emissions from coal-fired power generation, emphasizing economic viability while assessing environmental impact. The committee's findings underscore the importance of balancing energy production with ecological considerations. State governments and private authorities primarily operate these TPPs, further complicating the dynamics of implementation.

This information is crucial for policymakers, industry stakeholders, and environmental regulators in understanding ongoing regulatory adjustments affecting air quality and climate commitments in India.

Important Points

• High-powered committee dismisses mandatory FGDs for TPPs.
• 80% of 600 TPPs may be exempt.
• Current SO2 levels are within safe limits.
• Recommendations based on comprehensive governmental reviews.
• Potential increase in CO2 emissions from FGD installations.
• New compliance categories set for future TPP operations.