The Government of India has revised the roadmap for the National Mission for Green India (GIM), originally launched in 2014 as part of the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC). This initiative aims to combat climate change through afforestation and restoration of ecosystems, while also improving livelihoods for communities reliant on forest resources.

Key Developments:

• Revised Roadmap (June 17, 2023): The updated GIM emphasizes not only increasing forest cover but also restoring various ecosystems, including the Aravalli ranges, Western Ghats, Himalayas, and mangroves. The effort intends to tackle land degradation and desertification and aligns with on-ground climate impacts and stakeholder feedback.

• Core Objectives: The main goals of GIM include:

  • Increasing forest and tree cover on 5 million hectares.
  • Improving the quality of forest cover on another 5 million hectares.
  • Facilitating tree plantation and afforestation activities over 11.22 million hectares (2015-2021).

• Funding and Utilization: From 2019-2024, the Centre allocated Rs 624.71 crore to 18 states for GIM. Utilization till February 2023 stands at Rs 575.55 crore.

• New Focus Areas:

  • Restoration Activities: A significant focus on vulnerable landscapes using regionally adapted best practices.
  • Saturation of Ecosystems: Targeting specific landscapes such as the Aravallis and Western Ghats to counter degradation and enhance biodiversity.
  • Green Wall Project: Aims to combat degradation in the Aravalli range over 8 lakh hectares across four states at an estimated cost of Rs 16,053 crore. This includes creating a buffer zone of 5 km around these mountains.

• Addressing Land Degradation: Approximately 97.85 million hectares of India have been affected by land degradation, as per the Indian Space Research Organisation. The country seeks to establish an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of CO2 through increased forest cover by 2030, aligning with commitments to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.

• Restoration Goals: India has pledged to restore 26 million hectares of degraded land by 2030. GIM's interventions, including the Green Wall project, are critical to achieving this target.

• Carbon Sequestration Potential: The restoration of impaired open forests is identified as a cost-effective high-impact strategy for CO2 sequestration. Estimates suggest this could sequester up to 1.89 billion tonnes of CO2 over 15 million hectares.

• Projected Outcomes: If ongoing schemes are combined and afforestation efforts intensified, GIM could potentially expand forest cover to 24.7 million hectares, leading to a carbon sink of approximately 3.39 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent by 2030.

Summary Points:

• The National Mission for Green India was revised to enhance restoration of crucial ecosystems.
• GIM aims for increased forest cover of 5 million hectares and improved forest quality by an equal area.
• It has facilitated afforestation over 11.22 million hectares from 2015-2021 with significant funding.
• The revised roadmap emphasizes restoration practices in vulnerable landscapes.
• The Green Wall Project seeks to address degradation in Aravalli ranges over 8 lakh hectares.
• An estimated 3 billion tonnes of CO2 are targeted for additional sequestration by 2030, aiding in climate commitments.
• Total restoration goal includes 26 million hectares of degraded land by 2030, enhancing biodiversity and environmental sustainability.

This comprehensive approach signals India’s commitment towards environmental preservation and sustainable development amid growing concerns over climate change.

The article discusses the historical and ongoing challenges posed by invasive alien species in India, particularly highlighting the case of the giant African snail (Lissachatina fulica), which was unintentionally introduced in the 19th century and has since caused significant ecological and economic damage.

Summary:

• Introduction of the Giant African Snail (Lissachatina fulica):

  • Arrived in India around 1847, potentially via trade goods from East Africa.
  • Initially appreciated for its size, it soon became a prominent invasive species, thriving in India’s warm, humid climate.
  • By the mid-20th century, it was damaging crops and altering soil ecosystems, while also becoming a carrier for parasites detrimental to both humans and wildlife.

• Contributing Factors to Invasion:

  • Historical global trade expansion has facilitated biological invasions.
  • The number of alien species increased dramatically since the 1800s, with a notable surge in bilateral trade agreements.

• Examples of Invasive Introductions:

  • Deliberate introductions, such as cane toads in Australia, demonstrate failures in biocontrol initiatives.
  • Accidental introductions often occur through biological goods such as timber and produce, as seen with species carried in ballast water of ships.

• Risks for India:

  • India, as a major exporter and importer of exotic species, faces heightened risk of invasive species due to inadequate tracking and monitoring.
  • Over 2,000 alien species are known in India, with economic impacts recorded primarily for a subset of these.

• Economic Impact:

  • A study indicated that invasive alien species have cost India approximately $127.3 billion over 60 years, making it the second-most financially affected country after the U.S.
  • The economic burden is more pronounced from semi-aquatic species, affecting high-value sectors such as public health and fisheries.

• Recommendations for Policy Improvement:

  • Strengthen national policies to enhance biosecurity at entry points.
  • Develop real-time tracking and early-warning systems for invasive species.
  • Foster collaboration among government departments and researchers to understand the potential spread of invasive species amid climate change.
  • Implement mandatory biological impact assessments post-trade to prevent undesirable species influx.

• Future Concerns:

  • The continuing increase in global trade and projected tripling of freight transport by 2050 heightens the risk of introducing invasive species.
  • A proactive “One Biosecurity” approach is recommended to manage and mitigate the consequences of these invasions effectively.

• Conclusion:

  • Immediate action is required to fortify India’s biosecurity frameworks to prevent long-term ecological damage and significant economic loss due to invasive alien species.

Key Points:

• The giant African snail was introduced to India in the 19th century and has caused substantial ecological disruption.
• Historical trade expansions have facilitated the introduction of invasive species at unprecedented rates.
• Economic losses from invasive alien species in India amount to over $127.3 billion, impacting public health and agriculture.
• Recommendations for improved biosecurity include stricter regulations, tracking systems, and cross-departmental collaboration.
• Future international trade poses heightened risks, necessitating immediate action to safeguard India’s biodiversity and economy.

As India approaches the 50th anniversary of its Crocodile Conservation Programme in 2025, the state of Odisha is recognized as a pioneer in the efforts to recover crocodilian species in the nation. The Government of India launched the Crocodile Conservation Project on April 1, 1975, aiming to save the gharial (Gavialis gangeticus), saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus), and mugger (Crocodylus palustris) from near extinction.

Key Highlights:

• World Crocodile Day: Odisha plans to celebrate World Crocodile Day on June 17 to commemorate its contribution to crocodile conservation efforts.

• Initial Findings: A 1974 survey by herpetologist H.R. Bustard revealed that crocodile populations were critically low, prompting the launch of scientific conservation efforts with backing from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations.

• Establishment of Centres: Odisha established incubation and rearing centres for gharials at Tikarpada and for saltwater crocodiles at Dangamal, marking significant progress in conservation. Uttar Pradesh soon followed with centres at Kukrail and Katarnia Ghat.

• Successful Hatching: The first gharial and saltwater crocodile hatchlings emerged from the Tikarpada and Dangamal centres respectively in June 1975, only two months post-launch of the conservation initiative.

• Innovations in Conservation: Odisha became the first state to appoint dedicated wildlife biologists and set up India's initial conservation breeding pools for gharials, indicating a significant institutional commitment to wildlife preservation.

• Protected Areas: Bhitarkanika and Satkosia were designated as protected habitats for saltwater crocodiles and gharials and later achieved National Park and Tiger Reserve status.

• International Collaboration: Odisha engaged in international collaboration, such as importing an adult gharial from the Frankfurt Zoological Society to ensure robust breeding populations.

• Conservation Results: Presently, India holds approximately 80% of the global wild gharial population, estimated at 3,000 individuals. The saltwater crocodile population is around 2,500 while the mugger crocodile's numbers have rebounded to between 8,000 and 10,000.

• Research Contributions: Odisha stands out as the only Indian state having conservation centres for all three species. It has produced the country's first PhDs in crocodilian research, solidifying its authority in conservation science.

• Breeding Programs: With over 20 zoos, led by the Madras Crocodile Bank engaged in breeding initiatives, the need for wild egg collection has diminished.

• Future Projects: A new conservation project for gharials was announced by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in March 2025, aiming to enhance the species' distribution in the Ganges and its tributaries while potentially re-establishing its populations in Odisha.

This comprehensive framework established by Odisha serves as a blueprint for crocodilian conservation in India, highlighting the state's commitment and the resulting achievements over decades. As Odisha prepares for significant celebrations in 2025, it reflects on a successful history of wildlife recovery and conservation that has set standards internationally.

Summary of the News Article

The focus for World Environment Day on June 5, 2025, is directed towards addressing the urgent issue of plastic pollution and its associated environmental health risks. With microplastics and various other hazards prevalent in the environment, India grapples with a significant environmental disease burden, accounting for nearly 25% globally. Rapid economic growth has intensified the complexities surrounding environmental health, necessitating innovative paradigms for environmental management that integrates health risk assessments across all dimensions of the environmental factors.

Key Points:

• World Environment Day 2025: The theme focuses on ending plastic pollution and highlights the existing environmental hazards that are not effectively measured.

• Health Burden in India: India accounts for approximately 3 million deaths annually due to occupational and environmental health risks, which constitute over 50% of non-communicable diseases such as ischemic heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and diabetes.

• Global Burden of Disease (GBD): The WHO has been estimating the environmental disease burden since 2000. In the 2021 cycle of GBD, environmental and occupational risk factors contributed to 18.9% of global deaths, particularly through air pollution and household solid fuel usage.

• Limitations in Current Data: There is a considerable shortfall in the categories of environmental risk factors assessed, with only around 11 categories currently included in the GBD. This exclusion may underestimate the impact of certain hazards like chemical exposures and microplastics.

• Interaction of Risk Factors: Environmental risk factors interact with metabolic and behavioral risks and must be assessed more comprehensively. Climate change exacerbates these risks, potentially reducing agricultural productivity, disrupting food security, and increasing mental health issues.

• Exposomics: The concept of exposomics emerges as critical for understanding the comprehensive environmental exposures throughout an individual’s life. It combines various environmental exposures with genetic and behavioral factors to determine health outcomes.

• Technological Integration for Health Monitoring: Advancements in technology such as real-time monitoring sensors, AI, and big data analytics are crucial for developing an exposomic framework that can provide better predictive models complementing traditional genetic studies.

• Call for Action: Investment in long-term environmental health surveillance and the development of an integrated data ecosystem are essential to address India's environmental health challenges effectively. Collaborative efforts are needed to incorporate exposomics into public health strategies.

• Significance of the Exposome Framework: Implementing the exposomic framework can lead to more precise public health interventions and promote equity in health outcomes.

• Urgency for Technological Advancements: The need for leapfrogging to technology and data-driven health approaches is emphasized, advocating for a proactive stance by the Indian environmental health community in contributing to global developments in exposomics.

In conclusion, as highlighted by Dr. Kalpana Balakrishnan of Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education, the advancements in exposomics could transform public health strategies and promote health equity, laying a foundation for future World Environment Day celebrations focusing on holistic environmental health solutions.

Important Points:

• World Environment Day 2025 will address plastic pollution.
• India faces a notable share of the global environmental disease burden.
• WHO's GBD estimates a significant impact from environmental risks.
• Current assessments cover limited environmental risk factors.
• Exposomics offers a promising framework for health assessments.
• Interdisciplinary technology integration is critical for health monitoring.
• Emphasizes the necessity for substantial investments in health infrastructure.

The article highlights the significance of Chilika Lake, India's largest brackish water lake and Asia's second-largest, particularly in relation to its biodiversity, including the elusive Irrawaddy dolphins.

Summary:

• Chilika Lake Overview: Located in Ganjam district, Odisha, Chilika covers an area of nearly 1,000 sq km and serves as a vital habitat for various species.
• Dolphin Sightings: The Irrawaddy dolphin, highly endangered and characterized by its rounded nose, was sighted during a boat ride organized for guests at the Rambha Palace hotel. Unlike bottle-nosed dolphins, Irrawaddy dolphins are shy, making them difficult to observe.
• Ecological Importance: The lake acts as a migratory stopover for numerous bird species, contributing to its recognition as a unique ecosystem. Birdwatching is an integral part of visiting Chilika, with sightings of species like black-tailed godwits, pied kingfishers, and Brahminy kites.
• Documentary and Research: Wildlife filmmaker Shekar Dattatri's film, Chilika - Jewel of Odisha, commissioned by the Chilika Development Authority, documents the lake’s biodiversity and conservation challenges. The film emphasizes the environmental threats posed by unchecked dolphin tourism and highlights the lake's ecological significance.
• Dolphin Behavior: According to Samir Kumar Sinha, chief ecologist with Wildlife Trust of India, the Irrawaddy dolphins are difficult to study due to their behavior of surfacing quietly for oxygen every 2.5 minutes, often slipping back underwater without notice. They inhabit the Chilika lagoon year-round, but excessive tourism, especially in the southeastern region (Satapada), significantly disrupts their habitat.
• Conservation Need: There is a call for stricter adherence to guidelines for boats operating near the dolphins to mitigate disturbances caused by noise and pursuit from tourists.
• Educational Initiatives: Shekar Dattatri also authored a children's book titled Ira the Little Dolphin to educate young readers about dolphins and the importance of conserving their environment, emphasizing a harmonious existence among the lake's inhabitants.
• Tourist Responsibility: The article showcases a responsible tourism narrative as exemplified by the boatman Sanjay, who maintained a respectful distance from the dolphins, emphasizing the need for preserving their peace.

Key Points:

• Chilika Lake is a critical ecological zone of 1,000 sq km in Odisha, essential for numerous migratory birds and the endangered Irrawaddy dolphins.
• Irrawaddy Dolphins: Shy, endangered species known for their difficulty in observation; characterized by rounded noses.
• Wildlife Documentary: Shekar Dattatri’s film focuses on conservation issues and the biodiversity of Chilika, particularly the impact of tourism on dolphin populations.
• Ecological Behavior: Dolphins surface quietly, limiting visibility and making their study challenging; resident throughout the year yet impacted by excessive tourist activity.
• Call for Conservation: Emphasizes the necessity of following guidelines for boat operations to protect wildlife.
• Educational Outreach: Ira the Little Dolphin aims to introduce and create awareness about the species, promoting conservation efforts.
• Responsible Tourism: Advocates for maintaining distance from wildlife to ensure their uninterrupted existence, as practiced by tour operators like Sanjay.

This comprehensive overview underlines both the ecological richness of Chilika Lake and the urgent need for sustainable tourism practices to protect its delicate ecosystems and inhabitants.

Summary of News Article:

The article is a tribute to Valmik Thapar, a prominent naturalist and conservationist known for his tireless efforts in saving tigers in India. Following are the detailed aspects of Valmik Thapar's life and contributions:

• Personal Background: Valmik Thapar was born to notable intellectuals Raj and Romesh Thapar who were influential in academia and the media through the magazine "Seminar." Despite their connections, Valmik was known for his fearless confrontation of the powerful when it interfered with wildlife conservation.

• Professional Journey: Thapar's transformation began in 1976 when, at the age of 23, he felt disillusioned by urban life in Delhi and traveled to Ranthambhore National Park with the hope of encountering tigers. Initially unimpressed by the area upon arrival in Sawai Madhopur, he soon became an ardent advocate for the park and its wildlife.

• Conservation Efforts: Thapar was mentored by Fateh Singh Rathore, the park's warden, who was instrumental in tiger conservation. Rathore's methods included resettling local villages, combatting poaching, and engaging with government bodies to enhance the park's protections. Together, Thapar and Rathore, supported by a group of dedicated officials, contributed to turning Ranthambhore into a successful example of tiger conservation, increasing the tiger population from about 13 to nearly 100 within a significantly expanded park area of 1,700 square kilometers.

• Publications and Influence: Valmik Thapar published over 40 books and produced documentaries, sharing in-depth observations that greatly informed public understanding of tigers. His most recent book, "The Mysterious World Of Tigers," was completed shortly before his death on May 31, 2025, from cancer, showcasing both his personal experiences and scientific insights into tiger behavior.

• Personal Engagement: Thapar was known for his deep emotional engagement with tigers, often writing about the personal connections he felt, such as his affection for a tigress named Noon. His passionate storytelling allowed for a wider appreciation of tigers, transcending standard scientific approaches.

• Legacy: Valmik Thapar's legacy is marked by a combination of rigorous field observations and an emotional connection to wildlife that was atypical for naturalists. His ability to communicate his experiences has inspired many in the conservation community. The article paints a picture of a man who cherished the beauty of nature and fought tirelessly for established tiger-rich habitats.

In conclusion, Valmik Thapar's commitment to wildlife conservation, particularly for tigers, has established him as a significant figure in environmentalism in India, reflecting the values of personal integrity and dedication as inherited from his family legacy.

Key Points:

• Valmik Thapar was a conservationist passionate about saving tigers in India.
• He came from a notable family with strong intellectual roots.
• His pivotal experience began in 1976 at Ranthambhore National Park.
• Worked alongside Fateh Singh Rathore to enhance tiger conservation efforts.
• Increased the tiger population in Ranthambhore and expanded park size significantly.
• Authored over 40 books, sharing insights and personal experiences with tigers.
• Develop a personal connection with wildlife, emphasizing emotional engagement.
• Passed away from cancer on May 31, 2025, leaving a profound legacy in conservation.

The mid-year UN climate conference took place in Bonn, Germany, on June 16, 2025, with Simon Stiell, the UN Climate Chief, discussing the global response to climate change amidst ongoing challenges. Despite a year characterized by negative developments, the conference focused on signaling positive actions from major economies towards addressing climate change and achieving the 1.5 degrees Celsius target.

Key Highlights from the Conference:

• Positive Developments: Stiell pointed out that significant economies are initiating substantial climate actions, which provide hope that keeping global temperature rise below 1.5 degrees Celsius remains feasible.

• Call for Cooperation: He emphasized the critical necessity for nations to cooperate as climate impacts worsen globally, underscoring the importance of joint efforts in the face of adversity.

• Global Goal on Adaptation: A key aim at the Bonn talks is to finalize indicators for the Global Goal on Adaptation. This is essential for tracking progress and ensuring effective strategies are implemented.

• Climate Finance Targets: The conference discussed the need to mobilize $1.3 trillion annually by 2035 to assist developing nations in combating climate change. This follows the agreement reached during COP29 in Baku, Azerbaijan, to triple climate finance to $300 billion per year by 2035.

• Baku to Belem Roadmap: Countries are expected to initiate discussions on the roadmap that will facilitate achieving climate finance goals, thereby ensuring necessary funding for adaptation initiatives.

• Mitigation Work Programme: As established at COP26 in Glasgow, the aim is to use the Bonn session to build momentum for increasing mitigation efforts that address climate urgency.

• Outcomes from COP28: At COP28 in Dubai, the outcomes of the first Global Stocktake were completed, wherein nations committed to tripling renewable energy capacity and doubling energy efficiency improvements by 2030, while transitioning from fossil fuel dependence. Attention to these commitments remains a priority in Bonn.

• Geopolitical Context and Challenges: The Bonn talks are occurring against a backdrop of geopolitical tensions, military conflicts, and the recent historically significant challenges such as the U.S. withdrawal from the Paris Agreement, which have undermined trust among nations and complicated collective climate action.

• World Meteorological Organization Warning: A pressing warning from the organization stated that there is a 70% likelihood that the global average temperature will surpass pre-industrial levels by over 1.5 degrees Celsius between 2025 and 2029.

• Focus by Brazil: As the host of this year's UN climate summit, Brazil has indicated a concentrated effort on developing indicators for the Global Goal on Adaptation, facilitating dialogue on Global Stocktake findings, and implementing the Just Transition Work Programme aimed at equitable transitions away from fossil fuels.

Overall, the Bonn climate conference endeavors to set the groundwork for actionable climate strategies and mobilize crucial climate finance to mitigate adverse impacts, thus aligning global efforts towards meaningful climate action.

Important Points:

• Simon Stiell describes some global economies taking positive action towards climate change.
• The Bonn talks aim to finalize indicators for the Global Goal on Adaptation.
• Target to mobilize $1.3 trillion annually by 2035 established.
• Climate finance to triple to $300 billion by 2035 agreed at COP29.
• A roadmap for achieving climate finance goals is under discussion.
• Emphasis on the Mitigation Work Programme to enhance climate action.
• COP28 outcomes led to commitments on energy transitions by 2030.
• Ongoing geopolitical issues complicate climate cooperation.
• Warning from the WMO about temperature exceeding critical thresholds within the next decade.
• Brazil focuses on adaptation indicators and fair transitions in the upcoming UN climate summit.

Summary of Delhi's Air Quality and Weather Update

Delhi has experienced a marked improvement in air quality, recording an Air Quality Index (AQI) of 89, which falls within the 'satisfactory' category. This is the cleanest air quality observed in over eight months, as per data from the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB).

Key Highlights:

• Current AQI Status:

  • The AQI of 89 was recorded on a recent Wednesday, denoting satisfactory air quality.
  • AQI Categories as defined by CPCB:
    • 0-50: Good
    • 51-100: Satisfactory
    • 101-200: Moderate
    • 201-300: Poor
    • 301-400: Very Poor
    • 401-500: Severe

• Government Actions:

  • Delhi Environment Minister Manjinder Singh Sirsa attributes the improvement in air quality to a 100-day action plan implemented by the government.
  • In the last 24 hours, 6,482 km of roads were cleaned, contributing to a cumulative total of over 11 lakh km since February 20.
  • Daily activities include sprinkling water on 1,353 km of roads, utilizing 744 kiloliters of water to mitigate dust pollution.

• Minister's Statement:

  • Sirsa emphasized that the improvement is due to concerted efforts backed by policy and political determination, stating, "with the right will and vision, clean air is possible."

• Weather Update:

  • The India Meteorological Department (IMD) issued a 'yellow' alert for potential thunderstorms and moderate to heavy rainfall in Delhi, expected on Thursday night.
  • Temperatures recorded:
    • Maximum: 34.6° Celsius (5 degrees below seasonal normal)
    • Minimum: 27.2° Celsius (normal for this season)
    • Relative humidity: 82% at 8:30 a.m.
  • Forecast indicates a maximum temperature of around 37° Celsius and a minimum of 28° Celsius for Friday, along with continued chances of thunderstorms and rain.

Conclusion: Delhi's recent air quality improvements, attributed largely to systematic government actions, reflect a positive trend in environmental management. This progress could influence future policies aimed at sustaining clean air initiatives in urban areas while addressing climate-related weather phenomena, as highlighted by the IMD's warnings on impending weather changes.

In summary:

• Delhi's AQI is at 89, satisfactory for two days.
• The CPCB reports no AQI above 100.
• Major cleanup efforts have led to significant air quality enhancements.
• IMD alerts for storms and rain impacts daily temperatures.

The coordinated actions of officials and environmental management strategies are crucial in sustaining this positive trajectory in air quality over the coming months.

Comprehensive Summary of the News Article on the National Mission for Green India

The Indian government, on June 17, 2023, unveiled a revised roadmap for the National Mission for Green India (GIM), part of the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) initiated in 2014. The GIM focuses on increasing forest and green cover while prioritizing the restoration of crucial ecosystems such as the Aravalli ranges, Western Ghats, and mangroves to combat climate change effectively.

Key Objectives and Achievements:

• Core Objectives: The GIM aims to increase forest cover by 5 million hectares and improve the quality of forest cover on a similar area, while also tackling land degradation and desertification.
• Achievements: From 2015-2021, GIM facilitated tree plantation over 11.22 million hectares. The Central Government provided ₹624.71 crore to 18 states for GIM interventions between 2019-2024, with ₹575.55 crore already utilized.

Revised Roadmap Features:

• The revised document reflects on-ground climate impacts and incorporates feedback from states and scientific institutions.
• A central theme is region-specific restoration activities in vulnerable landscapes, particularly in the Aravallis, Western Ghats, and Himalayas.
• The Green Wall project, aimed at combating degradation in the Aravalli range, will sync with GIM efforts. This project targets restoration across 8 lakh hectares, spanning 29 districts in four states, with an estimated budget of ₹16,053 crore to create a 5 km buffer zone around the Aravalli range.

Land Degradation and Carbon Sequestration:

• Extent of Land Degradation: Approximately one-third of India’s land (97.85 million hectares) faced degradation as of 2019, as noted in the Indian Space Research Organisation’s Desertification and Land Degradation Atlas.
• National Commitments on Climate Change: India has committed to establish an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of CO2 via forest and tree cover by 2030 and to restore 26 million hectares of degraded land.
• Projected CO2 Sequestration: GIM strategies, including the restoration of impaired open forests, could sequester around 1.89 billion tonnes of CO2 over approximately 15 million hectares. Additionally, if ongoing schemes align optimally, forest cover expansion could reach 24.7 million hectares, potentially yielding a carbon sink of 3.39 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent by 2030.

Implications:

The mission's revised roadmap reflects India's commitment to carbon neutrality through ecological restoration and sustainable forest management. The initiatives tied to GIM could significantly enhance the resilience of ecosystems while supporting local community livelihoods dependent on forest resources.

Additional Information:

• Background of GIM: Launched in 2014, GIM is crucial for addressing climate change. It has focused on improving both forest cover and environmental conditions linked to community security.
• Economic Impact: The funding and initiatives under GIM may stimulate local economies through job creation in forest management and related sectors.

Important Bullet Points:

• Revised roadmap for the National Mission for Green India released on June 17, 2023.
• GIM focuses on increasing forest cover, restoring ecosystems, and combating land degradation.
• Achieved tree plantation over 11.22 million hectares from 2015-2021.
• The Centre allocated ₹624.71 crore for GIM interventions in 18 states between 2019-2024.
• Green Wall project aims to restore the Aravalli range with an estimated cost of ₹16,053 crore.
• One-third of India's land faced degradation as of 2019, impacting climate initiatives.
• India aims for a carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of CO2 by 2030 and to restore 26 million hectares of degraded land.
• GIM's robust strategies could lead to significant carbon sequestration and enhance ecological resilience.

The comprehensive measures under the GIM signify a pivotal shift towards sustainable development, addressing pressing environmental challenges while fostering community prosperity.

The Kerala Forest Department has proposed seeking a one-time amnesty from the Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change to allow individuals with wildlife trophies to declare their possessions legally. This proposal is anchored in Section 40 of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, which mandates declaration of wildlife artifacts within 30 days of the Act's commencement. Here are the key elements and implications:

• Proposal for Amnesty: The Kerala Forest Department is pushing for an amnesty to let citizens declare wildlife articles and trophies, addressing situations where legal heirs failed to report inherited trophies within the prescribed timeframe.

• Legal Background: Under Section 40 of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, possession of wildlife trophies without registration can lead to penalties, including imprisonment ranging from three to seven years and a minimum fine of ₹25,000.

• Case of Actor Mohanlal and Rapper Vedan: The department's proposal comes amid controversies regarding its handling of wildlife crime cases against high-profile individuals. Actor Mohanlal faced scrutiny for possessing ivory, while rapper Vedan (V. M. Hiran Das) was arrested for wearing a pendant made from a leopard tooth. Critics noted the perceived leniency towards Mohanlal contrasted sharply with the swift action taken against Vedan.

• Investigation Discrepancies: The investigation into Mohanlal's ivory came to light through an Income Tax raid, leading to questions about the department's vigilance, whereas Vedan's case was swiftly pursued following a separate police probe into alleged drug possession.

• Public Backlash: The Department's approach has faced public criticism for inconsistency in how wildlife laws are enforced, suggesting a bias towards influential individuals. Critics argue that preferential treatment undermines the rule of law and erodes public trust in administrative fairness.

• Complication in Wildlife Regulation Enforcement: The ongoing discrepancies have sparked a wider discussion about how wildlife crime is managed in Kerala, emphasizing the difficulties faced by the Forest Department in balancing enforcement standards with public perception.

• Judicial Proceedings: Both cases against Mohanlal and Vedan were registered at the Malayattoor Forest Range office and recorded at the Judicial First Class Magistrate Court, Perumbavoor, implying active judicial involvement in wildlife crime enforcement.

• Legal and Ethical Ramifications: The controversies surrounding the amnesty proposal and the disparate treatment of cases signal a need for careful and equitable handling of wildlife law enforcement to maintain public confidence in justice system integrity.

In conclusion, the Kerala Forest Department faces significant challenges regarding wildlife protection enforcement and public perceptions of justice efficacy. The proposed amnesty aims to mitigate past oversights while simultaneously prompting ongoing debates about law application fairness in prominent wildlife-related cases.

Key Points:

• Kerala Forest Department proposes a one-time amnesty for declaring wildlife trophies.
• The proposal is based on the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, which mandates declaration of wildlife articles.
• Controversies arise over the different treatment of cases against actor Mohanlal and rapper Vedan.
• Public criticism emphasizes perceived preferential treatment undermining rule of law.
• Both cases registered at the Judicial First Class Magistrate Court in Perumbavoor.
• Future wildlife law enforcement in Kerala may require balanced and consistent approaches to restore public trust.

Summary of the News Article:

The Government High School Kollumedu, located in the Tiruvallur district of Tamil Nadu, has undergone significant transformation to become the district's first green school. This initiative is characterized by various eco-friendly features that adhere to sustainability principles and serve as a model for educational institutions in the region.

Key Features of the Green School Initiative:

• Infrastructure Improvements: The school has received a green fence, heat-absorbent paint on walls, a solar-reflective coated roof, and incorporates LED lighting, ensuring a reduction in energy consumption and a transition towards a zero carbon footprint.
• Environmental Enhancements: Facilities such as herbal, vegetable, and ornamental gardens have been established alongside a vermi-compost shed and a rainwater harvesting system to promote resource conservation and biodiversity.
• Collaborative Funding: The transformations were made possible through financial contributions from the Environment Department, district administration, and corporate social responsibility (CSR) funds from Aptus Value Housing Finance India Limited. A total allocation of ₹30 lakh has been designated for these initiatives, with additional funding sourced from CSR.

Initiatives and Future Plans:

• District Collector M. Prathap highlighted plans to upgrade three more schools in Tiruvallur (Thirumazhisai, Thirukandalam, and Kuthambakkam) to green school status, with administrative sanction acquired for these projects.
• Environmental awareness programs have been conducted for students and teachers focused on sustainable practices, further involving them in the maintenance of these systems.

Educational Impact:

• The project aims to create better study environments for students and improved working conditions for teachers. By instilling knowledge about environmental protection and sustainable living, the initiative attempts to influence future generations positively.
• Wall paintings created by students highlight the biodiversity of the Tiruvallur district, serving both educational and aesthetic purposes.

Implementation and Management:

• The project has been implemented with the help of Sanitation First (India), which emphasized that environmental education improves learning outcomes.
• A gardener-cum-watchman has been appointed to oversee the ongoing upkeep of the new facilities.

This initiative aligns with broader environmental objectives and educational reforms, integrating sustainable practices into the school curriculum and physical environment. The remarkable transformation emphasizes a proactive approach towards environmental stewardship within the educational sector.

Key Points:

• Government High School Kollumedu becomes Tiruvallur district's first green school.
• Features include a green fence, heat-absorbent paint, solar-reflective roof, LED lighting, and gardens.
• Project funded by Environment Department, district administration, and CSR funds (₹30 lakh allocated).
• Three additional schools will be upgraded as green schools in Tiruvallur.
• Environmental awareness programs have been conducted for students and teachers.
• Focus on creating better study environments and teaching sustainable living.
• Implemented by Sanitation First (India), includes appointment of gardener-cum-watchman.
• Initiative aims to foster environmental responsibility in future generations.

Published on June 20, 2025.

The Government of India is revising the Green India Mission (GIM), originally established in 2014, to address ecological challenges in vulnerable landscapes, specifically focusing on the Aravalli Range, the Western Ghats, and the Himalayas. This initiative is vital for fulfilling India's climate commitments, biodiversity conservation, and ensuring food and water security. The GIM has contributed to an increase in the country’s tree cover but has faced criticism for a plantation-centered approach that overlooks broader ecological revival goals.

Key points from the revised GIM include:

• Focus Areas: The new GIM emphasizes restoring vulnerable ecological landscapes and better targeting micro-climatic zones through best practices adapted to regional conditions.
• Income Generation: A significant shortcoming of the original GIM was its failure to create income-generating opportunities for communities dependent on these ecosystems, a concern the revised document addresses.
• Environmental Challenges: The Western Ghats, Aravalli range, and Himalayan regions are affected by deforestation, human-wildlife conflicts, and erratic rainfall, worsened by unregulated tourism and infrastructure development. A notable incident was the devastating landslide in Wayanad, emphasizing the need for a more resilient environment.
• Degradation Due to Human Activity: Studies have reported severe degradation in these regions due to illegal activities, such as tree felling and mining, leading to ecological threats including desertification in the Aravalli range, which is contributing to pollution levels in the National Capital Region.
• Environmental-Development Conflict: Restoration efforts have been hindered by a dichotomy between environmental protection and developmental needs, as illustrated by recommendations from the 2011 Gadgil Committee that sought to regulate activities in the Western Ghats but faced widespread political resistance. The Kasturirangan Committee’s suggestions have similarly not been implemented effectively.
• Court Rulings on Environmental Protection: Despite Supreme Court orders aimed at curbing illegal quarrying in the Aravalli range, such activities persist, indicating a lack of enforcement of judicial directives.
• Societal Inclusion: A significant challenge for the revised GIM is to align ecological restoration efforts with the livelihoods of local communities. Mobilizing social empowerment and public participation in green initiatives is crucial for long-term success.

In conclusion, the revamped Green India Mission aims to address critical ecological issues while also integrating socio-economic dimensions to create sustainable livelihoods for those reliant on these natural ecosystems. The mission’s success will depend on effectively balancing environmental protection with developmental priorities and engaging community stakeholders.

Important Sentences:

• The Government of India is revising the Green India Mission (GIM) to address ecological challenges in vulnerable landscapes, focusing on the Aravalli Range, Western Ghats, and Himalayas.
• The GIM is essential for fulfilling India’s climate commitments, biodiversity conservation, and ensuring food and water security.
• The revised GIM emphasizes restoration through best practices adapted to regional conditions and aims to generate income opportunities for communities.
• Environmental degradation in the Western Ghats, Aravalli, and Himalayas includes deforestation, human-wildlife conflicts, and erratic rainfall.
• Past regulatory recommendations for environmental protection faced political resistance, and suggestions have often remained unenforced.
• The challenge for the revised GIM is to engage local communities and align ecological restoration with livelihood generation for sustainable outcomes.

The Bonn Climate Change Conference commenced on June 16 and will continue until June 26, 2023, in Bonn, Germany, bringing together over 5,000 delegates from governments and various stakeholders. This annual event serves as a significant platform for discussions regarding financial mobilization and strategies aimed at addressing climate change, forming part of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).

Overview of the Bonn Climate Change Conference:

• Event Duration: June 16 to June 26, 2023.
• Participants: Over 5,000 delegates, including government representatives, Indigenous leaders, international organizations, scientists, and civil society members.
• Objective: To discuss both technical and scientific aspects of climate negotiations and set an agenda for the upcoming Conference of the Parties (COP), typically held in November.

Significance:

• The Bonn Conference, formally recognized as the Sessions of the UNFCCC Subsidiary Bodies (SBs), plays a critical role alongside the COP as a regular climate summit organized by the UNFCCC.
• The outputs of the Bonn negotiations significantly influence the decisions made at COP, with many SB recommendations being integrated into the final outcomes of the COP sessions.
• The conference also serves as a platform to evaluate the implementation of agreements established in previous COP meetings.

Key Organizational Bodies:

• The conference is overseen by the two permanent Subsidiary Bodies of the UNFCCC:
  • Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI): This body provides support in assessing and reviewing decisions made under the UNFCCC, facilitating discussions on financial and technical assistance for developing nations.
  • Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA): Works as a liaison between the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) scientific advisors and the decision-makers within the party delegations attending COP sessions.

Focus for 2023:

• A primary agenda item in 2023 is the Global Goal on Adaptation (GGA), aimed at establishing a unified global benchmark for adaptation efforts similar to the 1.5°C limit goal for temperature mitigation set in the Paris Agreement of 2015.
• Progress regarding the GGA has been sluggish, with incremental advancements anticipated at COP28 in Dubai, where a framework for defining global adaptation goals was adopted.

Conclusion:

The Bonn Climate Change Conference stands as a pivotal event within the climate negotiation timeline, providing vital opportunities for dialogue, planning, and coordination among international stakeholders aimed at addressing the pressing global challenge of climate change.

Important Points:

• Event: Bonn Climate Change Conference, June 16-26, 2023.
• Participants: Over 5,000 stakeholders, including government delegates and civil society.
• Purpose: Discussing technical/scientific aspects and preparing agendas for COP.
• Key Bodies: Subsidiary Bodies (SBI and SBSTA) guide discussions and policy formulation.
• Current Agenda: Focus on establishing the Global Goal on Adaptation.
• Progress: GGA framework initiated for further discussion at COP28 in Dubai.

This comprehensive framework is crucial for facilitating international cooperation and effectively addressing climate-related issues while ensuring responsible stewardship of environmental commitments.

Comprehensive Summary: Invasive Alien Species in India

The article discusses the historical and contemporary issues related to invasive alien species in India, particularly focusing on the giant African snail (Lissachatina fulica) and the broader implications of such species resulting from increased global trade.

Key Points:

• Arrival of the Giant African Snail:

  • The giant African snail entered India around 1847 from East Africa, likely hidden in plant crates.
  • Initially appreciated for its appearance, it quickly became an invasive species, threatening crops, native snails, and altering soil ecosystems.

• Impact of Invasive Species:

  • By the mid-20th century, the spread of the snail had significant consequences, including crop damage, displacement of native species, and the introduction of parasites that could harm humans and wildlife.
  • The presence of the giant African snail highlights how unnoticed ecological changes can have profound impacts.

• Global Trade and Biological Invasions:

  • A surge in global trade since the 1800s has led to 20 times the increase in alien species by the early 19th century.
  • Bilateral trade agreements grew from 76 countries with 5,700 trade pairs in 1948 to 186 countries with over 34,000 pairs by the early 2000s.
  • U.S. trade policies under the Trump administration are reshaping global trade dynamics, which may contribute to further introductions of invasive species.

• Mechanisms of Introduction:

  • Invasive species can be introduced accidentally or deliberately through various channels including trade in biological goods and ballast water management in ships.
  • Examples of deliberate introductions such as cane toads in Australia and Gambusia in India illustrate the failures of biocontrol initiatives.

• India’s Erosion of Biodiversity:

  • India is a major participant in both importing and exporting exotic species, many of which are difficult to track.
  • Examples include the introduction of Tilapia, which outcompeted native fish, and Parthenium, introduced via contaminated wheat imports in the mid-20th century.

• Economic Impact:

  • A 2022 study estimated India has incurred a loss of $127.3 billion over 60 years due to invasive alien species, making it the second-most financially affected country after the U.S.
  • The data reflects costs from only about 10 invasive species, while over 2,000 species exist in India, indicating a significant underreporting of economic impact.

• Need for Policy Strengthening:

  • To mitigate risks associated with invasive species, India requires robust national policies, including:
    • Stricter biosecurity measures at entry points.
    • Real-time species tracking and early warning systems.
    • Collaboration between government and research communities to understand invasive species' spread.
    • Mandatory biological impact assessments post-trade to prevent the establishment of invasive species.

• Future Outlook:

  • Current infrastructure and policy inadequacies increase the risks with the projected tripling of freight transport, emphasizing the urgency of implementing stronger biosecurity measures.
  • The article suggests the adoption of a 'One Biosecurity' framework as essential for better management and mitigation of invasive species.

Conclusion:

The article highlights the critical need for India to enhance its border biosecurity systems and reinforce its policies to manage the ongoing threat of invasive alien species effectively. This requires cross-sectoral collaboration, strategic planning, and a proactive approach towards ecological health and economic biodiversity.

Summary of the ONGC Gas Leak Incident in Sivasagar, Assam:

A gas leak at an Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) well, designated as RDS-147 in Sivasagar district, Assam, has been ongoing since June 12, 2023. The incident has resulted in the displacement of approximately 1,500 residents and prompted evacuation measures within the affected region.

• Incident Overview:

  • Date of Occurrence: The blowout occurred on June 12, 2023.
  • Location: Rudrasagar Field, Sivasagar, Assam, which is one of ONGC's oldest operational fields in North East India.
  • Casualties: As of the latest reports, no fire or injuries have been reported aside from one patient who required hospitalization for unconsciousness. Investigation into the cause of the condition is ongoing.

• Evacuation and Relief Efforts:

  • The district administration has evacuated around 1,500 residents from Bhatiapar, with 70 families housed in relief camps in nearby Bangaon.
  • The Assam state government announced Rs. 25,000 as immediate relief per affected family, funded through the Chief Minister’s Relief Fund. Approximately 330 families have received support.

• Gas Characteristics and Safety Measures:

  • ONGC officials stated that analysis reveals the released gas is comprised of 97% methane and is non-toxic. The gas, being lighter than air, is dispersing into higher altitudes, reducing risks to local populations.
  • Preventive measures include a technique known as "water blanketing," which involves pouring water on the well to manage the temperature and reduce the potential for ignition.
  • As of June 21, 2023, gas was leaking at a pressure of approximately 2,500 PSI. ONGC has begun a controlled diversion of gas to a nearby production facility to manage the situation better.

• Government Involvement:

  • Assam Chief Minister Himanta Biswa Sarma has urged Union Minister for Petroleum and Natural Gas, Hardeep Singh Puri, to mandate ONGC to adopt a more vigorous approach to address the crisis.
  • The Chief Minister expressed concerns regarding the public perception of ONGC’s response, suggesting there was a lack of urgency.

• Historical Context:

  • There are concerns regarding the potential for significant consequences reminiscent of a previous blowout at Oil India Limited’s Baghjan Oilfield in 2020, which resulted in a fire lasting five months, highlighting the urgency of preventative measures.

• Current Management Efforts:

  • ONGC’s Executive Director for Assam, Bhaskar Choudhury, emphasized ongoing efforts of maintaining cooling measures and ensuring the continuous supply of water to the site.
  • The focus remains on preventing any ignition that could lead to a fire, given the hazardous nature of gas leaks.

This incident underscores the challenges posed by gas extraction operations and the need for diligent emergency responses. It reflects both the environmental challenges and the socio-economic impacts large-scale industrial operations can have on local communities.

Key Points:

• ONGC gas leak in Sivasagar, Assam since June 12, 2023.
• Approximately 1,500 residents evacuated; relief measures include Rs. 25,000 per family.
• Gas is 97% methane; deemed non-toxic and dispersing safely.
• Preventive “water blanketing” method implemented to manage risks.
• Historical context of past blowouts raises concerns over safety.
• Local administration seeking more proactive measures from ONGC.
• Active management strategies in place to control the situation.

Summary of the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA) Assembly

On June 16, 2024, the first Assembly of the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA) convened in New Delhi, presided over by the Union Minister for Environment, Forests and Climate Change, Bhupender Yadav, who was unanimously endorsed as President by representatives from nine countries, including Bhutan, Cambodia, Eswatini, Guinea, India, Liberia, Suriname, Somalia, and Kazakhstan.

• Formation and Purpose:

  • The Indian government established the IBCA in March 2024 through the National Tiger Conservation Authority, part of the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.
  • The IBCA’s primary objective is to focus on the conservation of seven big cat species: Tiger, Lion, Leopard, Snow Leopard, Cheetah, Jaguar, and Puma.
  • The initiative aims to foster collaboration among stakeholders and replicate successful conservation strategies across the 95 range countries where these big cats are found.

• Financial Commitment:

  • The Indian government has allocated Rs 150 crore for the conservation efforts under the IBCA, covering the period from 2023-24 to 2027-28.

• Membership:

  • By September 2024, 25 countries, including Bangladesh, Nigeria, Egypt, Suriname, Ecuador, Peru, Kenya, and Rwanda, agreed to join the IBCA.
  • All UN member countries are eligible for membership after signing and submitting a framework agreement through a Note Verbale, a diplomatic form of communication.

• Context and Need for the IBCA:

  • The IBCA was initiated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi during a commemoration of the 50th anniversary of Project Tiger in 2023.
  • Historical context indicates that the tiger population in India reduced from approximately 40,000 at the time of independence to about 1,800 by 1970 due to hunting and poaching, emphasizing the dire need for such conservation efforts.

• Ecological Significance:

  • Big cats play a crucial role as apex predators, regulating prey populations and maintaining ecosystems. Their conservation contributes to preventing ecological disasters, preserving habitats, and promoting biodiversity.
  • Protecting these species also aids in climate adaptation and mitigation by facilitating processes that sequester carbon.

• Current Status of Tigers in India:

  • Presently, India hosts more than 3,600 tigers, which constitute about 70% of the global tiger population. However, ongoing challenges include deforestation and human-wildlife conflicts, with evolving poaching methods becoming more sophisticated and efficient, posing renewed threats to these species.

• Collective Action:

  • During the Assembly, Minister Yadav emphasized the necessity for united efforts in conservation.
  • The headquarters agreement ratified at the event established the headquarters and additional offices for the IBCA in India.

Key Points

• International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA) was founded in March 2024 to conserve seven species of big cats.
• Rs 150 crore allocated for the IBCA from 2023-24 to 2027-28.
• 25 countries expressed consent to join the alliance as of September 2024.
• Emphasized the historical decline of tigers from 40,000 to 1,800 by 1970.
• 3,600 tigers currently in India, accounting for 70% of the global population.
• An urgent need to tackle deforestation and poaching, which have evolved into sophisticated networks.
• Emphasis on collective action to enhance conservation efforts at the Assembly.
• Ratification of a headquarters agreement establishes IBCA’s operational base in India.

The article discusses the invasion of alien species in India, primarily focusing on the giant African snail (Lissachatina fulica), which was introduced to India around 1847 via colonial trade routes. Initially viewed as a decorative species, it has become one of the most persistent invasive species in the country, significantly impacting agricultural ecosystems, native species, and even human health due to its role as a parasite carrier.

Key points from the article are summarized as follows:

• Invasion Timeline: The giant African snail was introduced in 1847 in colonial Calcutta as a potential ornamental species and rapidly spread throughout India, especially in warm, humid regions devoid of natural predators.

• Impact on Ecosystems: By the mid-20th century, the snail began to devastate crops and ornamental plants, displace native snails, and alter soil ecosystems. It became a carrier for parasites like the rat lungworm, posing threats to both wildlife and human health.

• Global Trade and Invasive Species: The rise in global trade, with a significant increase from 76 countries and 5,700 trade pairs in 1948 to 186 countries and over 34,000 pairs by the early 2000s, has facilitated the movement of invasive species across borders.

• Introduction Mechanisms: Invasive species can be introduced deliberately (e.g., cane toads in Australia) or accidentally through trade, particularly via biological goods contaminated during transport (ballast water biofouling).

• Historical Context of Invasions in India: Past events have illustrated how imports have introduced invasive species. For instance, the 1955 import of contaminated wheat from the U.S. led to the spread of Parthenium grass across India.

• Economic Costs: A recent study highlighted that India suffered an economic loss of approximately $127.3 billion due to invasive species over the past 60 years, making it the second-most affected country globally after the U.S. This figure pertains only to a small subset of known invasive species and does not account for the broader economic impact of all invasive species.

• Focus on Aquatic Species: Semi-aquatic and aquatic invasive species are particularly burdensome economically and pose risks to sectors like public health, water infrastructure, and fisheries.

• Policy Recommendations: The article emphasizes the need for India to enhance its national biosecurity policies, such as strict monitoring at ports, developing species tracking systems, and conducting mandatory biological impact assessments post-trade.

• Future Risks: The ongoing increase in global trade, projected to triple by 2050, heightens the risk of potential new invasions. The long-term impact of introduced species may not be evident until decades later, underscoring the urgent need for preventative measures.

• Call for Action: It is advocated that strengthening border biosecurity must be prioritized. A collaborative approach, termed "One Biosecurity," which integrates various sectors, could enhance management efforts against invasive alien species.

• Research Contributions: The article features insights from Priya Ranganathan and Nobinraja M., who are associated with the Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE) and focus on ecology and invasive species management.

In conclusion, the introduction of alien species in India poses a significant threat to biodiversity and economic stability. The call for comprehensive policies and heightened biosecurity measures is timely and critical for mitigating the potential impacts of future invasions.

The Kerala Forest Department's recent proposal for a one-time amnesty for individuals possessing wildlife trophies has prompted a renewed discussion regarding potential preferential treatment of wildlife offenders. This initiative is directed to the Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change and aims to allow legal heirs of wildlife trophy owners to declare their possessions in alignment with Section 40 of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.

Key points from the article include:

• Proposal Overview: The Kerala Forest Department has proposed amnesty to enable individuals to legally declare wildlife trophies they possess, particularly focusing on legal heirs who may not have completed this process due to various circumstances.

• Legal Background: Section 40 of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 mandates that any person possessing wildlife trophies must declare them to the Chief Wildlife Warden within 30 days from the commencement of the Act. The Act classifies illegal possession of such trophies as a serious offense, punishable by three to seven years of imprisonment and fines of at least ₹25,000.

• Public Debate: The proposal has rekindled discussions due to contrasting treatments of two specific cases involving celebrity figures—actor Mohanlal, who allegedly possessed ivory, and rapper Vedan (V. M. Hiran Das), who was charged for wearing a leopard tooth pendant. Critics claim that the Forest Department has exhibited leniency towards Mohanlal while acting swiftly against Vedan, raising questions about consistency and fairness in enforcement.

• Controversy in Enforcement: There is notable criticism regarding the handling of the celebrity cases. The Forest Department pursued legal action against Vedan immediately after his alleged wildlife offense came to light, while Mohanlal's case appeared to receive lighter treatment—spurred by an Income Tax Department raid which uncovered his assets.

• Concerns Over Evidence Handling: The department has not removed the contested ivory from Mohanlal’s residence, which has raised fears regarding the potential destruction of evidence. In contrast, Vedan was arrested promptly, implicating a disparity in the approach taken by the department in similar legal circumstances.

• Public and Expert Reactions: Former officials and public commentators have voiced concerns over perceived discrimination, arguing that selective enforcement undermines the rule of law. Critics emphasize the importance of maintaining public trust and equality in the treatment of individuals accused of wildlife crimes, urging equitable handling of cases regardless of the accused's social standing.

• Impact on Wildlife Protection: The selective treatment of wildlife offenders could potentially diminish the public’s confidence in the Forest Department's capacity to enforce wildlife laws impartially. The discussions around this situation highlight the delicate balance that must be maintained between legal enforcement and public trust.

• Conclusion: The Kerala Forest Department’s initiative seeks to address legacy issues of wildlife trophy possession but simultaneously raises significant ethical and administrative questions regarding the enforcement of wildlife protection laws. The handling of high-profile cases like those of Mohanlal and Vedan will likely continue to be scrutinized as stakeholders demand a transparent and fair judicial process.

This summary encapsulates the critical aspects of the ongoing discourse on wildlife protection enforcement in Kerala, emphasizing the intricate relationship between environmental governance, legal compliance, and social equity.

Summary of News Article on Monsoon Impact in Karnataka

On June 18, 2025, Karnataka experienced significant rainfall leading to increased water levels in key reservoirs, prompting flood warnings in certain areas. The following details outline the critical facts regarding the current situation:

• Reservoir Outflows:

  • The Kabini reservoir's outflow in Mysuru district surged to over 25,000 cusecs, leading to alerts for residents downstream.
  • The inflow rate to the Kabini reservoir reached 21,545 cusecs, with the water level approaching capacity at 2,280.84 ft, close to its maximum of 2,284 ft.

• Rainfall Impact:

  • The rise in inflow is attributed to heavy rainfall in the catchment area, specifically the Kapila region in Wayanad, Kerala.
  • An increase in inflow was also noted at the Krishnaraja Sagar (KRS) reservoir in Mandya district due to heavy rains in neighboring Kodagu district, with inflows clocking 29,368 cusecs and the reservoir level at 113.25 ft of a maximum of 124.80 ft.

• Historical Context:

  • Kodagu district had benefited from the early southwest monsoon; however, after some initial heavy rainfall in late May, there was a significant lull. Recent rains have rejuvenated the moisture levels, resulting in increased inflows in reservoirs such as KRS and Harangi.

• Warnings Issued:

  • The Cauvery Neeravari Nigam Limited (CNNL) has advised residents along the riverbanks to move to safer, higher ground with their livestock due to the risks posed by increased outflows.
  • The Superintending Engineer of the Hemavati project issued a precautionary message for those living downstream of the Hemavati reservoir (located in Gorur, Hassan taluk), indicating potential operation of crest gates to release excess water. The water level was recorded at 2,911.35 ft on June 18, 2025, with an inflow of 19,546 cusecs, just short of the maximum level.

Key Facts:

• Date: June 18, 2025
• Kabini Reservoir Outflow: Over 25,000 cusecs
• Kabini Reservoir Inflow: 21,545 cusecs
• Kabini Reservoir Water Level: 2,280.84 ft (capacity 2,284 ft)
• KRS Reservoir Outflow: Inflow at 29,368 cusecs; water level at 113.25 ft (capacity 124.80 ft)
• Hemavati Reservoir Water Level: 2,911.35 ft (10.65 ft short of max); inflow at 19,546 cusecs

This ongoing situation underscores the critical need for vigilance among residents in vulnerable areas, particularly in the context of extreme weather conditions linked to monsoon patterns.

On June 12, a significant gas leak occurred at Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) well RDS-147 located in the Rudrasagar Field of Assam's Sivasagar district, displacing over 1,000 residents and leading to ongoing efforts to manage the situation as it extended into its seventh day by Wednesday. The key occurrences and responses surrounding this incident are summarized as follows:

• Incident Overview:

  • A blowout was reported at the ONGC well during servicing operations, causing gas to gush from the well.
  • The well, RDS-147, is part of ONGC’s oldest operational field in North East India and has been under the company's management since the 1960s.

• Evacuations and Safety Measures:

  • Approximately 1,500 people from the nearby areas of Bhatiapar have been evacuated to ensure their safety. Seventy families have been relocated to a relief camp in Bangaon.
  • The local perception indicates concerns over the adequacy of ONGC’s response to the situation.

• Health Concerns:

  • A resident from Bhatiapar was hospitalized in Jorhat Medical College and Hospital in an unconscious state, prompting further investigation into potential health impacts associated with the gas leak. However, authorities confirmed that the released gas is non-toxic, primarily composed of 97% methane, which is lighter than air and ascends, minimizing risks to nearby communities.

• Government Response:

  • Assam Chief Minister Himanta Biswa Sarma has reached out to Union Minister for Petroleum and Natural Gas Hardeep Singh Puri, urging a more urgent and mission-mode approach from ONGC.
  • The state is providing immediate relief of ₹25,000 per affected family, sourced from the Chief Minister’s Relief Fund, alongside safety measures to support evacuating families.

• Technical Management of the Leak:

  • ONGC has initiated a “water blanketing” strategy, using water to cool down the well and prevent ignitions that could lead to fire incidents, as seen previously in a similar incident at Oil India Limited’s Baghjan Oilfield in 2020.
  • ONGC officials indicated that gas was leaking at approximately 2,500 PSI and have reported progress, managing to connect the well to a nearby production facility to control the gas flow.

• Implications and Historical Context:

  • The blowout at the ONGC well raises crucial concerns over safety and emergency response mechanisms in managing environmental hazards stemming from petroleum operations in sensitive areas like Assam.
  • Precedents, such as the five-month-long fire at the Baghjan Oilfield, highlight the criticality of operational safety in oil and gas extraction endeavors.

In conclusion, while the immediate danger of fire has been mitigated through ongoing water application efforts and strategic management of gas release, the situation calls for comprehensive reassessment of operational protocols, community safety measures, and preparedness in handling such incidents effectively.

Important Points:

• Gas leak at ONGC well RDS-147 in Sivasagar began on June 12.
• Over 1,500 evacuees; 70 families in relief camp.
• Patient health concerns reported; gas deemed non-toxic (97% methane).
• Assam CM urged central government for faster ONGC response.
• ₹25,000 per family relief announced from Chief Minister’s Relief Fund.
• ONGC employing water blanketing to prevent ignition risks.
• Historical context of previous oil field fire incidents underscores need for robust safety measures.

Summary of Rajkot's Sustainable Dumpsite Remediation Model

The Rajkot Municipal Corporation has successfully transformed a historically troubled dumpsite into a thriving urban forest through a substantial remediation effort, aligned with national sustainable development goals of the Swachh Bharat Mission-Urban (SBM-U). This executable model demonstrates effective waste management and environmental restoration.

Key Features of Rajkot's Remediation Effort:

• Legacy Waste Remediation: The Nakrawadi dumpsite historically contained approximately 16 lakh tonnes of legacy waste. The city produces around 700 tonnes of municipal solid waste daily, previously disposed of at this site.

• Initiative Under SBM-U: The remediation aligns with the Swachh Bharat Mission launched in 2014 and the Solid Waste Management Rules introduced in 2016, aiming for zero waste to landfills. The "Lakshya Zero Dumpsite" initiative spearheaded by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) further bolsters these objectives.

• Implementation: The remediation involves comprehensive waste assessment, processing using advanced machinery, and subsequent segregation.

  • Refuse-derived fuel (RDF) was sent to a waste-to-energy plant in Jamnagar.
  • Semi-compost served for land leveling and soil enhancement.
  • Inert materials were relocated to a Secured Landfill Facility.

• Ecological Restoration: The initiative saw the plantation of approximately 2.35 lakh native and fast-growing trees, employing the Miyawaki technique to foster rapid growth and biodiversity.

• Water Management: A 12 km pipeline was installed to connect the remediation site to the Gauridad Sewage Treatment Plant, allowing the use of treated water for irrigation. Additional water harvesting ponds promote groundwater recharge and sustainable water management.

Challenges and Solutions:

• Operational Difficulties:
  • The complexity of segregating and processing over 16 lakh tonnes of mixed waste posed logistical challenges.
  • Heavy contamination of the site necessitated extensive land preparation and soil enrichment efforts.
  • Adverse weather events (monsoons) disrupted operations and posed risks for workers and residents.

Impact Assessment:

• Environmental Impact:

  • Conversion of waste results in carbon sequestration, aiding climate change mitigation.
  • Efforts to afforest the area improved air quality and reduced pollution levels, enhancing community health.

• Economic Opportunities:

  • Transforming waste into energy and compost opens new revenue channels, promoting eco-tourism.
  • It alleviates financial pressure on local authorities regarding waste management.

• Social Benefits:

  • The initiative fosters community engagement, involving local self-help groups and volunteers.
  • Enhancing green spaces contributes to community well-being and social cohesion.

Model for Replication:

The success of Rajkot’s remediation initiative serves as a transformative model for other cities grappling with legacy waste management, land degradation, and environmental restoration. It aligns with national objectives for sustainable urban development and showcases effective practices in waste utilization and ecological regeneration.

Bullet Points of Important Sentences:

• Rajkot transformed a dumpsite burdened with 16 lakh tonnes of waste into a 20-acre green urban forest under the Swachh Bharat Mission.
• The initiative aligns with the SBM and Solid Waste Management Rules promoting zero waste to landfills.
• Approximately 700 tonnes of municipal solid waste are generated daily in Rajkot, previously disposed of at the Nakrawadi site.
• Waste processing led to sustainable solutions: RDF for energy, semi-compost for land use, and inert materials sent to secure landfills.
• About 2.35 lakh native trees were planted using the Miyawaki technique; a 12 km water pipeline enables irrigation with treated water.
• The project faced challenges in managing contaminated waste and operational disruptions from monsoon rains.
• Environmental benefits include significant carbon sequestration, improved air quality, and community health.
• Economic gains stem from new revenue streams from waste conversion and reduced financial burdens on local government.
• It serves as a replicable model for sustainable urban development and effective waste management.

The Bonn Climate Change Conference commenced on June 16, 2023, in Bonn, Germany, and is scheduled to conclude on June 26, 2023. This significant gathering brings together over 5,000 government delegates and stakeholders to address various climate-related issues, primarily focusing on financial mobilization to combat climate change.

Overview of the Bonn Climate Change Conference

• Nature of Conference: The Bonn Climate Change Conference is an annual mid-year meeting under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which was established in 1992 to facilitate international cooperation on climate issues.
• Official Designation: The conference is formally known as the Sessions of the UNFCCC Subsidiary Bodies (SBs).
• Participation: It includes representatives from UNFCCC member states, Indigenous groups, international organizations, scientists, and civil society, highlighting its comprehensive and collaborative approach to climate discussions.

Objectives and Importance

• Function: The conference facilitates discussions on technical and scientific aspects related to climate negotiations and aims to outline the agenda for the subsequent Conference of the Parties (COP), typically held in November.
• Influence on COP: The outcomes of the Bonn negotiations significantly impact the decisions made during the COP meetings. Recommendations from the SB meetings often appear in the final decisions at COP.

Structure of the Conference

• Subsidiary Bodies: The discussions are primarily led by two permanent subsidiaries of the UNFCCC:
  • Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI): It assists in assessing and reviewing climate change decisions and supports financial and technical discussions for developing nations.
  • Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA): This body connects scientific experts, such as those from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), with policymakers at COPs to ensure informed decision-making.

Key Topics for 2023

• Global Goal on Adaptation (GGA): A central agenda item is the Global Goal on Adaptation, aimed at establishing a common global target similar to the mitigation goal of limiting temperature increases to below 1.5 degrees Celsius, established in the Paris Agreement (2015).
• Progress on GGA: Although the GGA was established in 2015, significant progress was delayed until COP28 in Dubai, during which a framework was adopted for defining global adaptation goals.

Conclusion

The Bonn Climate Change Conference serves as a crucial platform for ongoing international climate dialogue, setting the stage for significant commitments and actions that will be solidified in the annual COP meetings. The inclusion of various stakeholders underscores the collaborative effort required to address the multifaceted challenges posed by climate change.

Important Points:

• Bonn Climate Change Conference: June 16-26, 2023.
• Over 5,000 delegates are participating from around the world.
• The conference is part of the UNFCCC framework established to facilitate international climate cooperation.
• Recommendations from Bonn will influence decisions made at the upcoming COP.
• Key topics include financing climate initiatives and the operationalization of the Global Goal on Adaptation (GGA).
• SBI and SBSTA are the two main bodies organizing the discussions and providing guidance.

Summary of the News Article on Hemavathi Reservoir Water Level Alert

The Superintending Engineer of the Hemavathi Project has issued an alert instructing residents downstream of the Hemavathi reservoir, located in Goruru, Hassan taluk, Karnataka, to be vigilant due to the rising water levels and potential release of excess water from the dam.

• Context of the Alert: The alert follows incessant rains in the region, which have increased the water level in the reservoir. As of June 18, 2025, the water level was recorded at 2,911.35 feet, with a maximum capacity of 2,922 feet, indicating that it was just 10.65 feet shy of the full capacity.
• Current Inflow: The reservoir has been experiencing an inflow of 19,546 cusecs, suggesting a significant volume of water entering the reservoir due to persistent rainfall.
• Safety Recommendations: G.K. Jyothi, the Superintending Engineer, has strongly urged individuals residing near the riverbanks to evacuate to safer locations promptly. This precautionary measure is intended to mitigate risks associated with the potential release of excess water from the dam.
• Role of Local Authorities: It is also recommended that the local tahsildar and officials from the Revenue Department inform the public about the evolving situation, ensuring that residents are aware and can take necessary action to ensure their safety.

The article emphasizes the importance of disaster management and emergency planning in light of the variable weather conditions and their direct impact on the water levels in the Hemavathi reservoir.

Important Sentences:

• The Superintending Engineer warned downstream residents of the Hemavathi reservoir to be alert due to rising water levels.
• As of June 18, 2025, the reservoir level was at 2,911.35 feet, just 10.65 feet below the full level of 2,922 feet.
• The inflow to the reservoir was recorded at 19,546 cusecs due to incessant rains.
• G.K. Jyothi advised nearby residents to evacuate to safer places.
• Local tahsildars and Revenue Department officials are encouraged to inform the public about the situation for safety.

This summary ensures an understanding of the situation concerning the Hemavathi reservoir, highlighting the actions recommended for public safety in response to environmental factors affecting water levels.

Summary of Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Ltd. (MRPL) Recognition

Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Ltd. (MRPL) has recently been awarded the prestigious ‘24th Global Greentech Environment & Sustainability Summit Awards 2025’ under the ‘Environment Protection’ category. This accolade, conferred by the Greentech Foundation, highlights MRPL's steadfast commitment to environmental sustainability and its ongoing efforts to reduce its ecological impact.

Key Facts and Developments:

• Award Recognition: MRPL was honored at a ceremony in New Delhi, emphasizing its commitment to ecological preservation.
• General Managers Involved: The award was received by General Managers Prasanna Kumar T. and Nirankar Singh on behalf of the MRPL team.
• Date of Publication: The news article was published on June 18, 2025.

Notable Initiatives by MRPL:

MRPL has undertaken a series of key projects that demonstrate its commitment to both business excellence and environmental performance:

• Utilization of RLNG: The refinery is using Regasified Liquefied Natural Gas as a cleaner alternative fuel.
• De-Odour Unit: An in-house developed de-odour unit has been installed at the effluent treatment plant (ETP) to improve odor management.
• Particulate Matter Reduction: A wet gas scrubber has been integrated to reduce particulate matter emissions beyond the required compliance standards.
• City Sewage Water Reuse: MRPL has adopted the practice of using treated city sewage water in its refinery operations, assisting in resource conservation.
• Oily Sludge Utilization: The refinery is utilizing oily sludge from the effluent treatment plant at its delayed coker unit (DCU) to create beneficial products.

Conclusion:

The recognition received by MRPL reflects the company’s strategic commitment to environmental sustainability while ensuring operational efficiency. Such initiatives align with broader national and international efforts to combat climate change and promote sustainable industry practices.

Important Points:

• MRPL won the ‘24th Global Greentech Environment & Sustainability Summit Awards 2025’.
• The award was granted for its efforts in environmental protection.
• Presented in New Delhi, with General Managers Prasanna Kumar T. and Nirankar Singh receiving it.
• Key projects have focused on cleaner fuel usage, waste management, and sustainability.
• Initiatives include the use of RLNG, installation of advanced environmental technology, and resource recycling.
• The article highlights MRPL's dual focus on business excellence and environmental performance.
• Date of announcement: June 18, 2025.

Summary of the Godavari-Banakacherla Project Environmental Clearance Discussion

On June 17, 2025, the Environmental Appraisal Committee (EAC) of the Ministry of Environment convened a crucial meeting regarding the environmental clearance for the Godavari-Banakacherla Project, led by Professor Chakrapani. The session took place virtually from the Ministry’s office in New Delhi, focusing on evaluating the environmental implications of the proposed project submitted by the Andhra Pradesh Government.

Key Details:

• EAC Meeting Significance: This meeting is a critical step in the approval process for the Godavari-Banakacherla Link Project, highlighting its potential environmental impacts.

• Project Overview: The project aims to divert water from the Godavari River to the Krishna River basin, which is strongly contested by the neighboring Telangana state.

• Evaluation Process: The EAC is currently reviewing the Pre-Feasibility Report (PFR) concerning the project and is expected to assess the findings through comprehensive environmental impact studies.

• Role of Andhra Pradesh Government: The state is required to conduct extensive environmental studies as part of the clearance process, which the EAC will consider in its report. This report is essential for subsequent permissions and the preparation of a Detailed Project Report (DPR).

• Opposition from Telangana: Telangana’s Irrigation Minister, Uttam Kumar Reddy, has formally objected to the project through a letter to the EAC. He urged the committee to reject the proposed project outright, citing that Andhra Pradesh proceeded without sufficient consent or notification to Telangana, potentially infringing upon Telangana's water rights.

• Legal and Constitutional Context: The EAC's evaluation falls under the purview of environmental laws governing inter-state water resources, emphasizing the importance of multi-state negotiations regarding water sharing and rights.

• Next Steps: Following the EAC's assessment, the future of the Banakacherla Project will hinge on the findings outlined in the report, which could shape the discussions on permissions and regional cooperation or conflict.

Important Bullet Points:

• EAC meeting on June 17, 2025, discusses environmental clearance for the Godavari-Banakacherla Project.
• Meeting chaired by Professor Chakrapani; conducted virtually from New Delhi.
• The proposal submitted by the Andhra Pradesh Government is under review by the EAC.
• Project aims to divert Godavari waters to the Krishna River basin.
• Telangana Government, via Minister Uttam Kumar Reddy, strongly opposes project, citing water rights violations.
• Environmental impact studies to be conducted by A.P. Government as part of the approval process.
• EAC's evaluation report critical for determining future permissions and projects.
• Legal context involves inter-state negotiations on water resource management.
• The EAC meeting and its outcomes are significant for regional cooperation dynamics.

The developments surrounding the Godavari-Banakacherla Project underscore the intricate balance between environmental considerations and inter-state resource management in India, which remains a pivotal issue in regional governance and cooperative federalism.