The article discusses India's political response to cross-border terrorism, specifically in the backdrop of a recent terror attack in Pahalgam and the diplomatic challenges India faces in garnering international support against terrorism emanating from Pakistan. It emphasizes the importance of political unity in India and the necessity for effective communication with global leaders and media regarding India's stance on terrorism and regional issues.

Key Points:

• Operation Sindoor: India fired several BrahMos missiles in response to the terror attack in Pahalgam. A BrahMos missile costs approximately Rs 35 crore, showcasing the cost-effective diplomatic efforts of sending all-party delegations to engage with international opinion.

• All-Party Delegations: Seven all-party delegations have managed to influence global perceptions about India, critically needed in light of long-standing misconceptions regarding India and Pakistan.

• Misconceptions of Western Media: The Western view often depicts Pakistan as merely another Islamic state, overlooking its history and its role in promoting terrorism. Furthermore, there is a tendency to equate grievances of both India and Pakistan as equally valid, obscuring Pakistan's aggressor status in Kashmir.

• Need for Political Cohesion: The article underscores the historic importance of India’s political classes coming together to correct misperceptions in foreign capitals regarding India’s neighborhood policy and the realities of cross-border terrorism.

• Historical Context:

  • Partition: The article argues that the creation of Pakistan should not be viewed in the same light as the emergence of nations like East Timor or Kosovo, emphasizing that those who moved to Pakistan during Partition were not facing persecution.
  • Article 370: The continued presence of Article 370 in Jammu & Kashmir has sometimes been misconstrued by the global community as indicative of injustice, despite India’s efforts to develop the region.

• Global Comparisons: Assertions are made to clarify the differences between the separation of East Pakistan and the conflict in Jammu & Kashmir, asserting that the challenges faced by Jammu & Kashmir cannot be equated with Pakistan’s past interventions.

• Cultural Nationalism vs. Theocratic State: The BJP's position on cultural nationalism is articulated as inherently inclusive, contrary to narratives that depict it as a move towards a theocratic state.

• Narrative of Victimhood: The article highlights the trend of Pakistan portraying itself as a victim of India while ignoring its own acts of aggression, and calls on India to consistently highlight this narrative at global forums.

• Need for Data-Driven Diplomacy: There is a noted failure on India's part to effectively communicate data and evidence of Pakistan's role in terrorism, asserting the need for a robust response to counter the victimhood narrative propagated by Pakistan.

• Conclusion: The writer emphasizes the urgent need for India to reshape international perceptions about its geopolitical stance and the reality of threats posed by cross-border terrorism originating from Pakistan, advocating for a concerted effort among Indian political leaders to engage with and educate the global community.

This summary reflects on India's strategic diplomatic approaches, historical contentions, and the dynamics of political narratives shaping global perceptions regarding the conflict with Pakistan.

On October 10, 2023, the International Criminal Court (ICC) issued arrest warrants for Hibatullah Akhundzada, the supreme leader of the Taliban, and Abdul Hakim Haqqani, Afghanistan’s chief judge. This historic move by the ICC is linked to charges of systemic persecution against women and girls since the Taliban regained power in Afghanistan nearly four years ago. The charges classify the actions of these Taliban leaders as crimes against humanity, predominantly focusing on gender-based discrimination.

Key Details and Charges:

• Crimes Against Humanity: The ICC has identified the denial of fundamental rights, education, and freedom of movement for women and girls in Afghanistan as part of systemic persecution.
• Genders and Identities Targeted: The warrants also note the targeting of individuals who do not conform to the Taliban's strict policies on gender and gender identity, as well as those politically aligned with women's rights.
• Landmark Legal Action: This is the first instance of the ICC taking legal action directly against the Taliban leadership for gender-based persecution, asserting a significant shift in international legal accountability for the group.

Context of the Arrest Warrants:

• The Taliban have been in power since August 2021 and have methodically rolled back the rights of women and girls in Afghanistan.
• Specific actions include:
  • Prohibiting girls from attending secondary schools.
  • Closing beauty salons.
  • Excluding women from a majority of jobs.
  • Imposing restrictions on women's movement that require them to be accompanied by a male guardian.

International Implications:

• The arrest warrants add to the mounting global pressure on the Taliban regime in Kabul, reflecting the international community's concern for human rights and gender equality in Afghanistan.

The issuance of these warrants is not only a pivotal moment in addressing gender-based violence but also sets a precedent for future actions against regimes that violate fundamental human rights. The ICC's move underscores the growing awareness and accountability mechanisms for issues related to women's rights on a global scale.

Important Bullet Points:

• ICC issued arrest warrants for Taliban’s leader Hibatullah Akhundzada and chief judge Abdul Hakim Haqqani.
• Charges include systemic persecution of women and girls since August 2021.
• Accusations center on crimes against humanity and gender-based discrimination.
• The ICC highlighted the targeting of those who do not conform to Taliban gender policies.
• This marks the first legal action by the ICC against Taliban leadership for gender-based persecution.
• Taliban actions include barring girls from secondary school, closing beauty salons, and excluding women from most workplaces.
• Women face movement restrictions, requiring a male guardian for travel.
• The issuance of arrest warrants increases international pressure on the Taliban regarding human rights violations.

The article reviews the cultural, historical, and economic significance of mangoes, underscoring their powerful symbolism and connection to people's lives, both in India and beyond.

Summary:

• Cultural Significance: The mango has numerous nicknames, each reflecting its status and desirability. Examples include Alphonso, Kesar, and Langra, with varying tales of their origins.
• Symbolism: In Hindu and Buddhist traditions, mangoes symbolize fertility, prosperity, and love. They are intertwined with prominent myths, highlighted by their association with figures like Ganesh and Buddha.
• Historical Context: The mango has been revered since ancient times, notably enjoyed by Mughal emperors. Akbar is credited with creating extensive orchards, boosting mango cultivation as a profession.
• Literary References: The fruit has gained prominence in literature through poets like Mirza Ghalib, who expressed profound affection for mangoes.
• Diplomacy: There are notable instances of "mango diplomacy." For instance, Mao Zedong used mangoes as a political symbol during the Cultural Revolution, while also being gifted mangoes by Pakistan in 1981, which sparked discussions on national identity and common heritage.
• Economic Aspect: Historically, mango cultivation was mainly concentrated in the Indian subcontinent but expanded globally due to colonial influence and demand. Exotic varieties like the Miyazaki mango command high prices.
• Social Impact: The mango tree has been integral to Indian village life, being part of weddings and festivals, illustrating its role in community bonding. Furthermore, it has been a source of sustenance for the poor during the lean season.
• Biological Appeal: The allure of mangoes can be linked to their evolutionary designs, which make them visually appealing and delicious, aimed at engaging animals that aid in seed dispersion.

Key Points:

• The mango has diverse and culturally rich nicknames, symbolizing its elevation from an ordinary fruit to a royal one.
• The fruit is deeply woven into Indian mythology and literature, representing various themes from love to prosperity.
• Historically significant figures, such as the Mughals, significantly shaped mango cultivation and appreciation.
• The practice of "mango diplomacy" has highlighted mangoes' broader implications in international relations, especially between India and Pakistan.
• Contemporary mangoes are available in high-value varieties, reflecting both agricultural development and global market trends.
• The mango remains intertwined with traditional Indian lifestyles, pivotal for ceremonies and communal gatherings.
• Its sensory appeal fosters nostalgia, linking flavors and memories, impacting emotional and social dynamics related to food traditions.

This synthesis presents a comprehensive overview of the mango's multifaceted role and highlights its importance as a cultural and economic symbol within society.

Summary

The recent remarks from U.S. President Donald Trump and the subsequent responses from members of the BRICS group have highlighted tensions between the United States and this coalition of emerging economies.

1. Trump's Tariff Warning:

   • On July 6, 2024, President Trump threatened an additional 10% tariff on any country that aligns with the “anti-American policies of BRICS.”
   • This declaration came after BRICS leaders, including Prime Minister Narendra Modi, gathered in Rio de Janeiro for a two-day summit, amidst discussions on global trade dynamics.
   • Trump characterized these countries’ positions as “anti-American” but did not specify his references to such policies in detail.

2. BRICS Declaration:

   • The BRICS summit concluded with a declaration expressing concerns regarding rising tariffs, stating that such measures threaten global trade, disrupt supply chains, and introduce uncertainties—actions the BRICS group deemed inconsistent with WTO (World Trade Organization) rules.

3. Responses from BRICS Nations:

   • China: The Chinese Foreign Ministry's spokesperson, Mao Ning, asserted that BRICS is not a confrontational bloc and aims for cooperation among emerging markets. Mao emphasized openness and inclusiveness and stated that “trade wars and tariff wars have no winners.”
   • Russia: The Kremlin highlighted that BRICS operates on common interests and does not aim to undermine any other nation. Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov distinguished the group's geographical diversity and collaborative intent.
   • South Africa: The country’s foreign ministry framed BRICS as a movement for reformed multilateralism, advocating for a global order reflective of 21st-century political realities.

4. Modi's Address:

   • Prime Minister Modi asserted the significance of diversity and multipolarity within BRICS, expressing optimism about the group's ability to guide towards a multipolar world amidst prevailing global challenges.
   • Brazilian President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva also critiqued NATO’s military expenditure plan, indicating a broader discontent with aggressive military alignments.

5. BRICS Expansion:

   • Initially established by Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, BRICS has plans for expansion, which will include Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, the UAE, and Indonesia by 2025, further emphasizing its growing influence on the global stage.

6. Conclusion:

   • The BRICS summit underscored the alliance's commitment to promoting a balanced global economic order while countering unilateral trade practices from countries like the U.S.
   • The emerging narrative reflects BRICS as a counterbalance to Western hegemony and a platform for solidarity among developing nations.

Important Points:

• President Trump announced a 10% tariff on countries aligning with "anti-American" BRICS policies.
• Trump's remarks followed a BRICS declaration regarding trade tariffs being inconsistent with WTO rules.
• China, Russia, and South Africa defended BRICS as a cooperative platform, not aimed against any third country.
• Modi emphasized BRICS's role in guiding a multipolar world, highlighting its relevance amidst global uncertainties.
• BRICS is expanding its membership, indicating its rising global prominence.
• The group's goals reflect a desire for reformed multilateralism to address 21st-century challenges.

The article discusses the pressing importance of political leadership in an era marked by global conflicts and a decline in democratic values. Various geopolitical crises, particularly in Ukraine, Gaza, and between Israel and Iran, demonstrate a troubling pattern of leaders prioritizing expediency over justice, leading to tragic humanitarian outcomes.

Key Points:

• Global Context: There is a noted failure of leadership in responding effectively to ongoing global conflicts, which contributes to a sense of injustice and humanitarian crises.

• Military Inequity: The article references the fragile ceasefire in conflict zones and highlights how the use of military power has resulted in loss of innocent lives, stressing the long-lasting impact these conflicts have on collective international morality.

• Call for Just Leadership: It argues for the necessity of leadership grounded in principles of justice, urging leaders to base their actions on international law and to seek consensus in addressing territorial disputes and global challenges.

• Historical Perspective: The piece draws on historical lessons, referencing Karl Marx’s view that while individuals shape history, they do so under given circumstances, indicating that effective leadership should reflect the aspirations of the populace while promoting moral governance.

• Lessons from India: The article extols Mahatma Gandhi's transformative leadership, characterized by moral integrity and non-violent resistance, as a model for today's leaders. It emphasizes the importance of values such as freedom and dignity that should underpin political leadership.

• India's Role: Asserting India's potential to promote a just world order through its moral and economic influence, the article encourages Indian leaders to embody a spirit of humility and unity in political processes, while pursuing national and global peace.

• Qualities of Leadership: It outlines attributes necessary for effective leadership in contemporary times, including strength, compassion, decisiveness, and the ability to foster democratic consensus.

• Future Prospects: As the nation faces domestic and external challenges that disrupt social harmony, it calls for leadership that transcends mere political power and prioritizes the public good, asserting that democratic values must be at the center of governance.

In conclusion, the article serves as a reminder of the profound responsibilities of leaders in democracies to uphold justice, foster unity, and navigate the complexities of modern conflicts with a moral compass, while urging a renewed commitment to inspiring and principled governance for the benefit of society as a whole.

The International Solar Alliance (ISA) is set to host its Seventh Regional Committee Meeting (RCM) for the Asia and the Pacific Region from July 15-17, 2025, in Colombo, Sri Lanka. This meeting aims to foster collaboration and scale solar energy deployment across this diverse region, addressing the significant role it plays in the global energy transition.

Key Points of the Meeting:

• Theme and Objectives: The meeting, themed ‘Advancing Solar Cooperation Across a Region of Diversity and Opportunity’, will emphasize strategic dialogue and action-oriented outcomes to strengthen the region's leadership in solar energy.
• Participants: It will involve various stakeholders, including government officials, technical universities, think tanks, institutional partners, and private sector leaders.

Strategic Focus Areas:

1. Catalytic Finance Hub: Initiatives to enhance financial mechanisms to de-risk solar investments, building upon ISA's experiences in Africa.
2. Global Capability Centre and Digitization: Aiming for a 'Silicon Valley for Solar' through a connected model that fosters innovation and provides tailored technical assistance.
3. Regional Platforms and E-Procurement: Leveraging platforms for aggregated regional demand, especially for Small Island Developing States (SIDS).
4. Technology Roadmap: Support for member countries to adopt advanced solar technologies, integrating Green Hydrogen and energy storage into their infrastructures.

Recent Developments:

• ISA showcased its joint project with the Asian Development Bank (ADB) on Ecosystem Readiness for Green Hydrogen during the Asia Clean Energy Forum (ACEF) 2025 in Manila, Philippines. Key documents released include:
  • Framework for Green Hydrogen Hubs
  • Readiness assessments for various countries
  • Strategic roadmaps for energy storage solutions

Thematic Sessions to be Addressed:

• Operationalising the SIDS Solar Platform focusing on regional e-marketplace tailored for SIDS.
• Strengthening Institutional Capacity through STAR Centres to co-develop digital learning platforms aimed at bridging regional skills gaps.
• Accelerating the transition to emerging technologies like Green Hydrogen, energy storage solutions, and e-mobility projects focused on helping Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and SIDS.
• Advancing frameworks for cross-border solar trade and financing models to improve solar access and reduce costs.

Agreements and Collaborations:

• The RCM will include the signing of Country Partnership Frameworks and Agreements with regional and international organizations to bolster ISA's work.
• Establishment of new STAR Centres to enhance local capacity and long-term solar energy strategies in the region.

Regional Representation:

• The Asia and the Pacific Region currently comprises 28 Member Countries, 30 Signatory Countries, and 24 Prospective Countries, aggregating to a total of 54 countries. This reflects robust engagement in ISA initiatives.

Overview of the International Solar Alliance:

• Launched by India and France in 2015 at COP21, the ISA is aimed at facilitating solar power deployment globally. It comprises 123 Member and Signatory countries, promoting access to energy and sustainable transitions toward carbon neutrality.
• ISA focuses on unlocking solar investments by 2030, advocating for solar energy across various sectors including agriculture, health, and transport.
• The organization actively collaborates with various stakeholders, including multilateral development banks, to enhance solar energy access, particularly in LDCs and SIDS.

Conclusion:

The Seventh Regional Committee Meeting represents a substantial step toward enhancing regional cooperation in solar energy. It aims to create actionable pathways for solar deployment while reinforcing partnerships and aligning with the global climate agenda.

Important Sentences:

• The ISA's Seventh Regional Committee Meeting will occur from July 15-17, 2025, in Colombo, Sri Lanka.
• With the theme ‘Advancing Solar Cooperation Across a Region of Diversity and Opportunity’, the meeting targets strategic solar deployment alongside diverse stakeholders.
• Strategic areas of focus include financing initiatives, technological advancements, and institutional capacity building.
• Recent developments highlighted the establishment of essential resources like the Framework for Green Hydrogen Hubs at ACEF 2025.
• Agreements and frameworks will further strengthen ISA's collaborative efforts across the Asia-Pacific region.
• The ISA, which began in 2015, now includes 123 Member and Signatory countries and aims to facilitate a global transition to solar energy.

The recent BRICS summit in Rio de Janeiro focused on significant global conflicts, with various leaders making statements impacting international relations. Here are the key takeaways from the leaders' declaration, particularly regarding the Russia-Ukraine conflict, the situation in Gaza, and military actions involving Iran.

Summary of the BRICS Leaders' Declaration

• General Context: In his remarks, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi emphasized the global environment of tension and conflicts, advocating for peace, dialogue, and humanitarian concern, particularly regarding Gaza.

• Russia-Ukraine Conflict:

  • The BRICS declaration reiterated individual national positions on the Ukraine conflict as articulated in the UN Security Council and the General Assembly.
  • Leaders acknowledged initiatives for mediation, including the African Peace Initiative, aiming for a peaceful and sustainable resolution through dialogue.

• Israel-US Strikes on Iran:

  • The declaration condemned military strikes on Iran, initiated from June 13, 2025, labeling them a violation of international law and UN Charter principles.
  • It highlighted concerns over escalating regional tensions and attacks on civilian and nuclear infrastructure, calling for strict adherence to nuclear safeguards even during armed conflicts.

• Gaza Conflict:

  • The situation in Gaza was addressed with a declaration of "grave concern", condemning Israeli strikes and the hindered entry of humanitarian aid.
  • The leaders called for compliance with international humanitarian law (IHL) and human rights law, denouncing starvation as a method of warfare.
  • They urged for constructive negotiations leading to:
    • An immediate, unconditional ceasefire.
    • Withdrawal of Israeli forces from Gaza and other occupied territories.
    • Release of detainees captured in violation of international law.
    • Unrestricted humanitarian aid access.
  • The need to respect the mandate of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) in providing services to Palestinian refugees was also reiterated.

• International Court of Justice Involvement:

  • Reference was made to the provisional measures by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) regarding legal actions taken by South Africa against Israel, highlighting Israel's obligations related to humanitarian aid in Gaza.

• Support for India:

  • The BRICS declaration expressed full support for India's leadership as BRICS Chair in 2026 and welcomed India's bid to host COP33 in 2028.

Important Points to Note

• Humanitarian Focus: Modi stressed a compassionate approach, belonging to India's traditions of non-violence as exemplified by historical figures like Mahatma Gandhi.
• Legal Framework: The condemnation of strikes and calls for adherence to IHL indicates a push towards maintaining international legal standards during conflicts.
• Regional Stability: The declaration noted the importance of diplomatic initiatives to address ongoing regional challenges, emphasizing collective cooperation.
• UN Involvement: There is a call for the UN Security Council's engagement in addressing these matters, which reinforces multilateralism in global governance.

This declaration represents a significant stance taken by BRICS nations on pressing global conflicts, emphasizing the need for dialogue and adherence to international law while addressing humanitarian crises.

Summary of Key Updates from the 17th BRICS Summit (July 6-7, 2025)

Prime Minister Narendra Modi attended the 17th BRICS Summit held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, focusing on critical discussions regarding global representation, terrorism, and economic cooperation among emerging economies. This summit emphasized the role of the Global South in international decision-making and addressed pressing global issues.

Key Highlights:

• Global Representation:

  • PM Modi remarked that two-thirds of humanity lacks adequate representation in 20th-century global institutions. He asserted the necessity for reforms to incorporate voices from the developing world into global governance, advocating for a more “representative” international order.

• Meeting with Cuban and Malaysian Leaders:

  • Modi held discussions with Cuban President Miguel Diaz-Canel Bermudez to enhance cooperation in pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, and digital infrastructure.
  • During a meeting with Malaysian Prime Minister Anwar bin Ibrahim, topics included trade, defense, healthcare, and efforts to bolster regional security following recent terror events.

• Terrorism and Security Concerns:

  • PM Modi condemned the April 22 Pahalgam terror attack in Jammu and Kashmir, calling it a “cowardly” act that threatens humanity. He emphasized that imposing sanctions against terrorists should be unhesitant and that terrorism has escalated to a major global challenge.
  • The BRICS declaration issued at the summit condemned the Pahalgam attack and committed to combating cross-border terrorism. It also urged the finalization of a Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism within the UN framework.

• Condemnation of U.S. Tariffs:

  • BRICS leaders expressed serious concerns over the "indiscriminate" tariffs imposed by the U.S. under President Donald Trump, labeling such measures as violations of international law. The summit included discussions on maintaining global economic stability amidst these tensions.

• Reinforcing Economic Cooperation:

  • PM Modi stated that BRICS aims to be a powerful force for economic cooperation and global good. He thanked Brazilian President Lula for hosting the summit, signalling India's commitment to the bloc and its objectives.

• Additional Developments:

  • The summit also brought attention to Israel's military operations against Iran, with BRICS leaders identifying this as a breach of international law.
  • Notably, Indonesia was welcomed as a new member of BRICS, reflecting the bloc's expansion and increasing influence.

Context and Significance:

• The BRICS group, comprising Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, has been enhanced with new members including Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE. This expansion aims to fortify the group's standing as a counterbalance to Western-dominated global structures.

• PM Modi's attendance marked his first visit to Brazil as Indian Prime Minister in nearly 60 years, underscoring a significant diplomatic engagement with Latin America.

Conclusion:

The 17th BRICS Summit highlighted vital issues of representation, terrorism, and economic cooperation among developing nations. Through discussions on these topics, the summit aimed to solidify BRICS as a pivotal platform for emerging economies while addressing international challenges amidst geopolitical tensions.

Important Sentences:

• Two-thirds of humanity lack proper representation in global institutions, emphasized PM Modi.
• Modi discussed enhancing ties with Cuban and Malaysian leaders on pharmaceuticals and regional security.
• The BRICS declaration condemned the Pahalgam attack and called for combating terrorism and finalizing relevant UN conventions.
• Leaders issued a strong statement against U.S. tariffs, calling them a threat to global economic stability.
• Indonesia was welcomed as a new BRICS member, highlighting the bloc's expansion.
• Modi affirmed BRICS as a force for economic cooperation and global progress.

Summary of News Articles

• Military Engagements:

  • Indian security forces successfully thwarted attempts by Pakistani troops to encroach on Indian Army posts.
  • The incidents occurred in the Chhajja area, approximately 6 km from Poonch, with two notable attempts:
    • The first was at Chhajja.
    • A subsequent encroachment effort was attempted at Karmarrah but was also repelled by Indian forces.

• Political Developments in Gujarat:

  • Amarsinh Chaudhary has been sworn in as the new Chief Minister of Gujarat, succeeding Madhavsinh Solanki.
  • Solanki resigned from his position following a cabinet meeting and is noted to be the second Congress-I chief minister in Gujarat to resign due to public agitation.
  • The historical context includes Chimanbhai Patel, whose ministry was dismissed in 1974 following a student-led agitation.

• Aviation Incident and Recovery Operations:

  • The search for the black box of a crashed Air India jet has transitioned to a new robotic submarine.
  • Initial reports claiming the discovery of the black box were confirmed to be premature.
  • Commander Frank Digeorge, a U.S. Navy consultant, stated that the submarine currently deployed lacks the necessary equipment to detect the black box's signal.

• Impact of Assassination on Tourism:

  • The tourism sector in India is experiencing a severe crisis, attributed to a significant drop in foreign tourist arrivals following the assassination of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in October 1984.
  • Reports indicate that tourist traffic has decreased by 20-30% since November 1984, leading to substantial financial losses in foreign exchange, amounting to crores of rupees.
  • The violent backlash following the assassination resulted in the cancellation of numerous scheduled tours to India by international groups.

Important Sentences

• Indian security forces have effectively thwarted Pakistani troops' attempts to encroach on Indian Army posts in the Poonch region.
• Amarsinh Chaudhary has been sworn in as the new Chief Minister of Gujarat after Madhavsinh Solanki tendered his resignation.
• Madhavsinh Solanki's resignation marks the second instance of a Congress-I chief minister being ousted due to public agitation.
• The search for the black box of the crashed Air India jet is now undertaken by a robotic submarine; however, initial reports of its recovery were premature.
• The India tourism industry is grappling with a crisis, with a reported 20-30% decline in foreign tourist arrivals post-Indira Gandhi’s assassination.
• The cancellation of scheduled trips has resulted in heavy financial losses for the tourism sector, totaling crores of rupees in foreign exchange loss.

This summary encapsulates the critical elements and factual information from the articles, presenting a clear and informative overview for an audience interested in current affairs and governmental developments.

Summary of BRICS Leaders' Declaration on Pahalgam Terror Attack and Global Governance Reforms

During the recent BRICS summit held in Rio de Janeiro, leaders from member countries unanimously condemned the terrorist attack that occurred on April 22, 2025, in Pahalgam, Jammu and Kashmir, which resulted in the deaths of 26 people. The BRICS declaration emphasized a zero-tolerance approach towards terrorism, highlighted concerns regarding cross-border terrorism, and urged an end to political concessions that allow terrorist activities to flourish.

Key Highlights from the Declaration:

• Condemnation of Terrorism: The BRICS leaders condemned the Pahalgam terror attack in the "strongest terms," signaling a collective stance against terrorism.

• Call for Action Against Terrorism: The declaration called for combating terrorism in all forms, including cross-border movements, and rejected double standards in countering terrorism. It advocated for the expeditious adoption of the Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism in the UN framework and emphasized action against all UN-designated terrorists.

• Reference to Cross-Border Terrorism: While avoiding direct naming, the mention of cross-border terrorism is perceived to target Pakistan. Prime Minister Narendra Modi stated that silent consent to terrorism for political gain is unacceptable, reinforcing India's commitment against terrorism.

• Emphasis on Global Governance Reform: In discussing global governance, Modi pointed out that two-thirds of humanity lacks adequate representation in key global institutions created in the 20th century, advocating for the reform of institutions like the UN Security Council, WTO, and Multilateral Development Banks to reflect current global dynamics.

• BRICS Expansion and Representation: The declaration described the inclusion of new partners in BRICS as a response to evolving global needs and advocated for increased representation of developing countries in governance structures to enhance their effectiveness.

• Support for Brazil and India in the UN: The leaders reiterated support for Brazil and India's aspirations for a more prominent role within the United Nations, including increased representation in the UN Security Council.

Additional Observations:

• Modi's Speech: In his address, Modi emphasized that terrorism poses a grave challenge to humanity and expressed gratitude to nations that supported India during its time of grief. He highlighted the urgent need for cohesive action against terrorism.

• Global Institutional Reform: Modi criticized the lag in reforms of global institutions and argued for their modernization to effectively address contemporary challenges, akin to operating 21st-century software on outdated systems.

Conclusions and Broader Implications:

The BRICS summit's outcomes reflect a strong collective position against terrorism while simultaneously advocating for a more equitable global governance structure. The declarations underscore the importance of collaboration among member states to combat terrorism, ensure a unified stance against political entities that perpetuate such violence, and reform global institutions to represent the interests of developing nations effectively.

Important Points:

• Pahalgam Attack: 26 fatalities on April 22, 2025, condemned by BRICS.
• Zero-Tolerance for Terrorism: Strong emphasis on combating all forms of terrorism, including cross-border movements.
• UN Framework: Call for the Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism and action against UN-designated terrorists.
• Representation Concerns: Modi stressed inadequate global representation, advocating for reform of global institutions.
• Support for Brazil and India: Reiterated aspirations for greater roles in the UN, especially the Security Council.
• Collective Stance: BRICS reflecting unity in addressing global challenges and terrorism collectively.

The article discusses the advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) in military applications, particularly focusing on China's initiatives and their implications for India. Below is a detailed summary:

Summary:

• China's Military AI Deployment: The People’s Liberation Army of China is actively incorporating AI in its military operations under the term "intelligentised warfare". This includes enhancing battlefield equipment such as artillery for better performance and accuracy. The development of models like DeepSeek is expected to augment China's military capabilities significantly.

• Support to Pakistan: China is reportedly aiding Pakistan in its military technological capabilities, specifically through the Centre of Artificial Intelligence and Computing established in 2020 by the Pakistan Air Force. This centre focuses on using AI for Cognitive Electronic Warfare, enhancing Pakistan's military decision-making processes.

• Impact on India: Experts indicate that these advancements in AI might pose a significant concern for India, particularly because of the collaboration between China and Pakistan, which could provide Pakistan with real-time intelligence capabilities. Lt General Rahul R Singh from the Indian Army has pointed out the need for India to strengthen its Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (C4ISR) capabilities.

• Evolving Warfare Dynamics: The complexity of modern warfare is increasing due to geopolitical shifts and technological advances, making it essential for armed forces to analyze large data volumes across multiple domains effectively. Alexandr Wang from Scale AI emphasizes the transformative potential of harnessing AI in modern military engagements.

• Energy Requirements for AI Operations: The article highlights that advanced AI applications require substantial energy for supporting data centers and computational tasks. India faces a challenge with its nuclear power capabilities, currently at about 7.5 gigawatts, which is significantly lower than other countries like South Korea.

• Nuclear Energy Inclusion: With the growing energy demands for AI technologies, experts advocate for the development of Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) in India, which have the potential to provide reliable energy sources crucial for future military applications. Holtec International is mentioned as a prospective contributor to this field in India.

• India's Defense Edge: India has been an early mover in military AI, having established the Defence Research and Development Organisation’s Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics (CAIR) since 1986. The progress within this facility aims to develop various autonomous technologies for military use.

• Global AI Warfare Trends: The article references ongoing military conflicts such as those in Ukraine and Gaza, where advanced AI is utilized for autonomous operations and intelligence gathering. The 21st century is characterized as entering an era of "agentic warfare," where AI's integration into military strategy will significantly influence outcomes.

• Conclusion: The article emphasizes the necessity for India to enhance its energy infrastructure to support the development of AI technologies in defense, keeping in mind the technological advancements made by China and its implications for India's strategic defense capabilities.

Key Points:

• China's "intelligentised warfare" concept integrates AI into military operations.
• Significant cooperation exists between China and Pakistan concerning AI military capabilities.
• India needs to enhance its C4ISR capabilities to counter potential threats.
• Modern warfare dynamics are increasingly dependent on data analysis and AI.
• A substantial energy supply is crucial for AI applications in defense, highlighting India's power generation challenges.
• Development of nuclear energy solutions like SMRs is essential for maintaining a military edge.
• India has a historical commitment to integrating AI in its military, but must evolve rapidly in the face of global advancements.
• The significance of AI in ongoing global military conflicts was noted, showcasing its impact on warfare.

This summary encapsulates the article's critical insights regarding AI in military applications, emphasizing the importance of energy infrastructure and innovation for India’s defense strategy in the contemporary geopolitical landscape.

On July 4, 2025, Lieutenant-General Rahul R. Singh, Deputy Chief of Army Staff of India, confirmed the strategic military collaboration between China and Pakistan, particularly highlighted during the recent Operation Sindoor, which took place from May 7 to May 10, 2025. This collaboration signifies a notable shift from previous dynamics where China was mostly a background supporter of Pakistan in military confrontations with India.

Key Points from the Article:

• China-Pakistan Nexus: China's involvement is described as unprecedented in its active support of Pakistan's military operations against India during Operation Sindoor.

• Chinese Military Support: Lt. Gen. Singh elaborated that China leveraged its advanced defense capabilities, intelligence, and military technologies to assist Pakistan while carefully navigating geopolitical red lines to avoid direct confrontation.

• Historical Context: In earlier military confrontations (1965, 1971, Kargil 1999), China's role was largely limited to diplomatic backing, contrasting with its increased direct military support seen in recent conflicts.

• Diplomatic Maneuvering: Following the Pahalgam terrorist attack on April 22, 2025, China echoed Pakistan’s position, refraining from condemning the attack and advocating for a “fair investigation”, displaying alignment with Pakistan’s narrative.

• Media Role: Chinese state media played a significant role in shaping perceptions and amplified Pakistan's claims during the military confrontations, depicting India's military actions as disproportionate.

• Operational Integration: The use of advanced Chinese military technology by the Pakistan Air Force during the operation, including J-10C fighters and missile systems, highlighted a new level of battlefield coordination.

• ISR Capabilities: China's intelligence-supporting efforts significantly bolstered Pakistan's operational capabilities through enhanced situational awareness, utilizing systems like the BeiDou satellite navigation.

• Potential Military Scenarios: The situation has evolved from a potential two-front war scenario to a "one-front reinforced war", indicating imminent challenges where conflicts with Pakistan may directly engage Chinese military support.

• Implications for India:

  • India faces the challenge of dual-front threats from China and Pakistan, necessitating a reassessment of its military strategy and diplomatic approaches.
  • The requirement for advanced conventional and ISR capabilities has emerged as a priority, coupled with a need to maintain unpredictability in operational responses to provocations.
  • There is an urgency to revise India's defense spending strategy to meet evolving security dynamics, as reflected in a significant decrease from 17.1% in 2014-15 to approximately 13% in 2025-26.

• Strategic Recommendations for India:

  • India must develop a more nuanced defense posture that balances conventional operations against Pakistan while managing the dual threat from China.
  • Potential strategies include leveraging unconventional responses and exploring diplomatic avenues that might involve cost implications for China's collusion with Pakistan.
  • The need for tactical innovation and modernization in India’s defense apparatus is emphasized, as regional conflicts now necessitate readiness for both conventional and sub-conventional warfare.

In conclusion, Operation Sindoor represents a crucial turning point for India as it faces a transformed security landscape characterized by synchronized military collaboration between China and Pakistan. The evolving dynamics demand a strategic rethinking to enhance deterrent capabilities and adapt to new operational contexts, ensuring that India's defense planning aligns with contemporary threats.

On July 6, 2025, the X account of the international news agency Reuters was temporarily withheld from access in India. This action lasted for approximately 24 hours, during which the government intervened to clarify that it had not made any legal demands for the account's blockage. The context of this incident involved a previous operation named "Operation Sindoor," conducted in May 2025, where a request for blocking numerous accounts, including several from media organizations, was made.

Key points from the incident include:

• Date of Incident: The withholding occurred from Saturday, July 5, 2025, evening until Sunday, July 6, 2025, evening.

• Government Intervention: The Indian government intervened, stating it had not requested the blocking of the Reuters account. A spokesperson emphasized that no legal mandate existed for such an action.

• Explanation Sought: Following this intervention, the government requested the Elon Musk-owned platform, X, to provide an explanation for the blocking and to restore access to the Reuters account.

• Legal Demand: The message displayed when the account was blocked indicated that the action was taken "in response to a legal demand." However, the government clarified that this was not the case.

• Operation Sindoor: Various accounts were blocked during Operation Sindoor, which began on May 7, 2025. Although many accounts were restricted, Reuters' handle was not reportedly enforced until now. The government stated that the blocking action by X was a mistake, as the valid order was not relevant at this time.

• Other Affected Accounts: Alongside Reuters, the official X accounts of the Chinese media organization Global Times and the Turkish media house TRT World were also blocked. Similar assertions were made regarding these accounts that the government had not sought their withholding either.

• E-mail Communication: An attempt to request comments from Reuters went unanswered.

• Continuity of Other Handles: While the main Reuters account was inaccessible, affiliated handles such as Reuters Tech News, Reuters Fact Check, Reuters Asia, and Reuters China remained accessible within India.

• X’s Help Center: X offers clarifications regarding such restrictions, outlining that they arise from valid legal demands, which may include court orders or adherence to local laws.

The temporary blocking of Reuters' account and subsequent restoration brought forth discussions about freedom of the press and the impact of governmental interventions on media access. The issue reflects ongoing tensions related to media freedom and digital governance in India.

Overall, this incident highlights the complex interactions between media platforms, government regulations, and the implications for journalistic freedom and access to information in the digital age.

On July 7, 2025, the Israeli military conducted airstrikes on multiple targets in Yemen, marking its re-engagement in the conflict after nearly a month. The specific sites targeted included the Hodeidah, Ras Isa, and Salif ports, as well as the Ras Qantib power plant. These attacks are attributed to continued Houthi militant activity towards Israel, particularly after the Houthis had previously fired missiles and drones at Israeli locations since the commencement of the Gaza conflict in October 2023.

Key Details:

• Date of Attack: July 7, 2025.
• Locations Targeted:
  • Hodeidah Port
  • Ras Isa Port
  • Salif Port
  • Ras Qantib Power Plant
• Targets: In addition to infrastructural facilities, Israel targeted the Galaxy Leader ship in Ras Isa port, which had been taken over by the Houthis in late 2023. Israel accused the Houthis of using this ship to potentially conduct surveillance on international maritime activities.
• Military Justification: The Israeli military referred to the Houthi forces as a "terrorist regime" and indicated that their activities posed a threat to global maritime security.
• Civil Evacuation: An evacuation warning was issued by Israel for individuals at the three ports prior to the strikes, underscoring the proactive measures taken amidst escalating tensions.
• Recent Attacks: The Israeli strikes occurred shortly after an abandoned ship incident off the coast of Hodeidah, which had reported taking on water. A security analysis firm, Ambrey, indicated that this vessel aligned with typical Houthi targets.
• Houthi Engagement: The Iran-aligned Houthi forces have responded with artillery strikes towards Israel as part of their campaign purportedly in solidarity with Palestinians amidst the ongoing Gaza war.
• Response to Attacks: Since October 2023, Israel has experienced numerous missile and drone attacks from Houthi forces but reported that many of these projectiles have been intercepted or did not reach their intended targets.

Contextual Framework:

• The ongoing military operations highlight the broader implications of the conflict between Israel and the Houthi militants, which have extended beyond usual territorial boundaries, disrupting maritime trading routes in the Red Sea.

• The Houthi forces' support for Palestine, framed as acts of solidarity, has escalated military tensions in the region, contributing to instability within the Horn of Africa and affecting international trade and security protocols in maritime logistics.

• Israel's retaliatory stance emphasizes its military capability and readiness to counter perceived threats, particularly those coordinated through proxy forces in the region, such as the Houthis, which are backed politically and militarily by Iran.

In conclusion, the situation represents a multifaceted challenge for regional security, balancing geopolitical tensions between Israel and its adversaries while navigating the implications for global trade through critical maritime routes.

Important Points:

• Israeli airstrikes on Yemeni targets occurred on July 7, 2025.
• Targets included ports and a power plant associated with Houthi activities.
• The Galaxy Leader ship had been seized by Houthis in 2023, repurposed for military tracking.
• Houthi movements have included missile strikes towards Israel as part of solidarity actions amidst the Gaza conflict.
• The conflict significantly impacts international maritime trade and regional security dynamics.

Summary of the News Article on Xi Jinping's Attendance at BRICS Summit

Chinese President Xi Jinping will not attend the BRICS summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, marking the first absence from the annual meeting since he assumed leadership. His decision has been reported by various news agencies, including CNN, highlighting a shift in his focus towards managing pressing domestic economic issues in China.

Key Points:

• Xi's Absence: Xi Jinping has sent Premier Li Qiang to represent China at the summit as he prioritizes domestic economic management and engages in preparations for an essential political meeting anticipated later this year.

• Factors Behind the Decision: Analysts suggest Xi's absence signals a strategic choice to concentrate on internal challenges rather than partake in international forums. This move indicates a possible retraction from outward engagement amid domestic pressures.

• BRICS Context: The BRICS summit serves as a platform for Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa to convene, aiming to bolster economic ties and respond to global trade dynamics. It reflects China's stance to counter US influence and alliances, particularly under previous administrations' policies.

• Attendees: Notable leaders attending the summit include:

  • Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi
  • South African President Cyril Ramaphosa
  • Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, who will host the event
  • Russian President Vladimir Putin will participate via a video link due to an arrest warrant from the International Criminal Court relating to alleged war crimes in Ukraine.
  • Other participating nations include Indonesia, newly integrated into BRICS, along with delegations from Iran, the UAE, Ethiopia, and Egypt.

• Summit Agenda: The agenda for the BRICS summit will address several pressing topics including:

  • Starting discussions on new trade agreements amid the expiration of President Trump’s temporary freeze on tariffs set for July 9.
  • Deliberating on “de-dollarisation,” which involves using national currencies for trade rather than relying solely on the US dollar.
  • Premier Li is expected to advocate for enhancing energy cooperation between BRICS countries and promoting the use of China's digital currency in international trade.

• Currency Discussions: A proposal for a shared BRICS currency, suggested by Lula in the past, will likely not be seriously considered at this summit due to warnings of significant tariffs from the Trump administration against countries that promote such plans.

Conclusion:

Xi Jinping's absence from the BRICS summit underscores a strategic pivot to national issues amidst external pressures. As global trade tensions evolve, the summit offers BRICS nations an opportunity to explore new avenues for collaboration and navigate the shifting geopolitical landscape.

This year's summit reflects broader themes of international cooperation, economic strategy, and shifts away from reliance on the US dollar, pivotal as nations navigate their economic futures in a multipolar world.

Important Sentences:

• Xi Jinping will not attend the BRICS summit, marking his first absence since assuming power.
• Premier Li Qiang will represent China as Xi focuses on domestic economic challenges.
• The summit will address trade agreements, de-dollarisation, and China's digital currency.
• Notable attendees include Indian PM Narendra Modi and South African President Cyril Ramaphosa, while Putin will join via video link due to legal issues in Brazil.
• The notion of a shared BRICS currency is unlikely to be actively discussed at this summit.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi's recent diplomatic journey through Ghana, Trinidad and Tobago, and Argentina highlights India's focus on strengthening ties with developing nations as he heads to the BRICS summit in Brazil. This trip emphasizes bilateral cooperation in key sectors such as pharmaceuticals, digital technology, food security, and critical minerals.

Key Highlights of the Visit:

• Bilateral Partnerships:

  • Ghana: The India-Ghana relationship has been elevated to a comprehensive partnership. Discussions included Ghana's potential to become a "vaccine hub" for West Africa, showcasing India's intent to enhance health infrastructure in the region.
  • Trinidad and Tobago: A significant Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on “Indian pharmacopeia” was signed to facilitate improved access to quality and affordable generic medicines from India.
  • Argentina: Prime Minister Modi and President Javier Milei agreed on enhanced cooperation in critical minerals and Argentina’s shale gas and oil reserves, as India promotes its pharmaceuticals.

• Development Initiatives: The PM's tour underscores India's strategy of providing low-cost solutions to global issues, such as the promotion of the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI) in these partnerships.

• Diaspora Engagement: During his speech in Trinidad and Tobago, Modi highlighted the historical connection of the Indian diaspora, noting their contributions since 1845, and expressed pride in the 35 million Indians worldwide.

• Historical Context: The countries visited share a political history of colonial domination, which has resulted in a shared interest in collaborative frameworks like the Non-Aligned Movement and South-South cooperation. The historical bond includes legacies from British, Spanish, Portuguese, and German colonialism, furthering ties with India.

• Global Strategic Orientation: The journey reflects a broader intention of aligning with the Global South to seek a more equitable global order, addressing the needs of developing and under-developed nations rather than aligning strictly with the Global North.

• No Anti-West Sentiment: While the countries visited are not characterized as anti-West, the visit highlights a mutual goal of moving toward a more balanced and fair international landscape, particularly in light of current global conflicts such as Ukraine and Gaza.

Overall, Prime Minister Modi's tour reflects India's commitment to bolstering ties with the Global South through cooperation and shared historical experiences, aiming for a more representative global order sensitive to the aspirations of developing nations.

Important Points:

• PM Modi visited Ghana, Trinidad and Tobago, and Argentina prior to the BRICS summit in Brazil.
• India-Ghana ties now include a focus on becoming a vaccine hub for West Africa.
• An MoU was established with Trinidad and Tobago for affordable Indian medicines.
• Argentina will enhance cooperation with India in critical minerals and energy resources.
• Modi emphasized the significance of the Indian diaspora across the globe during his speeches.
• The journey highlights India's intention to support the Global South amid a changing global political landscape.
• The historical bonds between India and these nations stem from colonial experiences, fostering shared ambitions for international cooperation.

On July 6, 2025, the official X (formerly Twitter) account of the international news agency Reuters was briefly withheld in India, leading to speculation surrounding the government's involvement. The account was inaccessible from the evening of July 5 until the evening of July 6 before it was restored following clarification from the Indian government, which stated that it had not requested the blocking of the account.

Key Points:

• Withholding of Account: Reuters' X account was withheld for nearly 24 hours, displaying a message indicating it was blocked in response to a "legal demand."
• Government Intervention: The Indian government intervened, clarifying it had not issued any legal requirement for the withholding of the account. A spokesperson noted that they were working with X to rectify the situation.
• Related Cases: During the blocking, accounts of other media like China’s Global Times and Turkey's TRT World were similarly blocked under claims of a legal demand, which the government also rejected as unnecessary.
• Operation Sindoor: This incident seemed to connect to previous demands made during Operation Sindoor in May 2025, when multiple accounts were requested to be blocked. However, not all were enforced at that time.
• Miscommunication Issues: An official source remarked that X seemingly acted on an unexecuted order from May 7, 2025, which was a misjudgment. The government aimed to resolve this issue with X swiftly.
• Access to Related Accounts: Although the primary Reuters account was inaccessible, other affiliated handles such as Reuters Tech News, Reuters Fact Check, Reuters Asia, and Reuters China remained available.
• Platform Policy: X's help center clarifies that account withholding generally occurs in compliance with a valid legal demand, including court orders or adherence to local laws.

This incident highlights ongoing discussions regarding media freedom, legal constraints, and the operational dynamics between media agencies and social media platforms within India, and raises questions about the legal framework guiding online content in the country.

As of the publication date of the event (July 7, 2025), an email sent to Reuters for comments had not received a response.

In summary, the blocking and subsequent restoration of Reuters' X account underscore complex interactions between technology platforms and government directives concerning freedom of the press and compliance with local laws.

Summary of the 17th BRICS Summit Held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (July 6-7, 2025)

Prime Minister Narendra Modi participated in the 17th BRICS Summit held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from July 6 to July 7, 2025. The summit brought together leaders from BRICS nations to engage in discussions on critical issues such as global governance reform, the promotion of the global south's voice, peace and security, strengthening multilateralism, development, and artificial intelligence (AI).

Key Highlights:

• Inaugural Session on Global Governance and Peace and Security:

  • PM Modi highlighted India's commitment to amplifying the voice of the Global South and emphasized the necessity of providing developing countries with enhanced support regarding access to climate finance and technology.
  • He argued for the reform of global organizations established in the 20th century (such as the UN, IMF, World Bank, and WTO) to make them more reflective of contemporary global realities.
  • The Prime Minister expressed gratitude to other BRICS leaders for addressing UN Security Council reform in the summit's declaration.

• Address on Peace and Security:

  • PM Modi stressed that terrorism poses a significant threat to humanity, referencing the Pahalgam terror attack that occurred in April 2025, which he positioned as an affront not only to India but to all of humanity.
  • He called for a united global stance against terrorism, urging countries harboring or financing terrorists to face stringent consequences.
  • The summit participants condemned the Pahalgam attack jointly, reaffirming their commitment to zero tolerance for terrorism.

• Session on Multilateralism, Economic-Financial Affairs, and AI:

  • The Prime Minister remarked on the importance of diversity and multipolarity as strengths of BRICS, particularly as the world grapples with uncertainty and challenges.
  • He proposed several initiatives:
    1. The BRICS New Development Bank should adhere to a demand-driven principle and prioritize long-term sustainability in financing projects.
    2. Establishment of a Science and Research repository to support Global South countries.
    3. Focus on securing and making supply chains for critical minerals more resilient.
    4. Promotion of responsible AI governance while encouraging innovation in the field.

• Conclusion of the Leaders’ Session:

  • The leader sessions culminated in the adoption of the “Rio de Janeiro Declaration”, which outlined the collective vision and commitments of the BRICS nations.

The summit served as a platform for reasserting the importance of collaboration among BRICS countries amidst global challenges and underscored India's proactive approach to advocating for the Global South and reforming global governance structures to address current international issues effectively.

Important Points:

• Participation in the 17th BRICS Summit by PM Modi on July 6-7, 2025.
• Focus on issues like global governance reform, terrorism, and sustainable development.
• Proposed reforms for the UN Security Council, IMF, World Bank, and WTO.
• Strong condemnation by BRICS leaders regarding terrorism, referencing the Pahalgam terror attack.
• Proposal to strengthen collaboration on economic affairs and AI governance.
• Adoption of the 'Rio de Janeiro Declaration' by BRICS member countries.

Summary:

During the 17th BRICS Summit held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi held a significant meeting with Malaysian Prime Minister Anwar bin Ibrahim. This meeting centered on reviewing the advancements in bilateral ties since PM Ibrahim's state visit to India in August 2024.

Key discussions in the meeting included:

• Bilateral Relations: The leaders evaluated progress across various domains such as trade and investment, defence, education, healthcare, and tourism. The emphasis was on the enhancement of people-to-people contacts between India and Malaysia.

• Condemnation of Terrorism: PM Modi expressed gratitude towards PM Ibrahim for condemning the recent terror attack in Pahalgam, a region in Jammu and Kashmir, showcasing the collaborative stance against terrorism.

• Regional Security and Multilateral Cooperation: The leaders engaged in discussions regarding cooperation in multilateral forums and issues related to regional security to enhance stability and mutual interests.

• ASEAN Relationship: Prime Minister Modi congratulated Malaysia on its successful leadership within ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) and acknowledged its ongoing commitment to the ASEAN-India Comprehensive Strategic Partnership. This includes the importance placed on the swift and effective review of the ASEAN-India Free Trade Agreement (FTA).

The meeting exemplified the strengthening bilateral relations between India and Malaysia, reflecting a mutual interest in various sectors that contribute to their economic and strategic partnership.

Important Points:

• Prime Minister Modi met Malaysian Prime Minister Anwar bin Ibrahim during the 17th BRICS Summit in Rio de Janeiro.
• They reviewed bilateral relations since PM Ibrahim's previous state visit to India in August 2024.
• Topics included trade, investment, defence, education, healthcare, tourism, and people-to-people engagements.
• PM Modi thanked PM Ibrahim for condemning the Pahalgam terror attack.
• Discussions on multilateral cooperation and regional security were also held.
• Modi praised Malaysia's leadership role in ASEAN and emphasized the need for a review of the ASEAN-India Free Trade Agreement (FTA).
• The dialogue reflects a strengthening of India-Malaysia relations across various sectors, aiming for economic growth and regional stability.