Summary of Mangrove Ecosystem Importance and Strategies for Conservation

Mangroves, vital ecosystems known for their role in supporting coastal economies and providing protection against climate extremes, have historically been neglected in planning and policy agendas. This oversight is significant, as mangroves not only provide ecological benefits but also economic value, contributing billions in ecosystem services. The growing challenges of climate change, including severe weather events and rising sea levels, further highlight the necessity of prioritizing blue carbon ecosystems like mangroves.

Key Points:

• Economic and Ecological Value:

  • Economic valuation of mangroves ranges from ₹3,535 million in Pichavaram (Tamil Nadu) to ₹664 billion in the Sundarbans (West Bengal).
  • Carbon sequestration from mangroves in the Sundarbans is valued at ₹462 million annually.

• Role in Coastal Economies:

  • Mangroves serve as natural barriers protecting urban coastal areas and underpin fisheries, with fisherfolk relying on them as nurseries for juvenile fish.

• Impact of Urbanization:

  • Urban areas like Mumbai and Chennai face degraded mangrove ecosystems, which compromises biodiversity and the socio-economic conditions of local communities.

Strategies for Improvement

The Mangrove Coalition outlines three foundational strategies for enhancing mangrove conservation and sustainable economic use:

1. Embracing Technology:

   • Advanced technologies such as satellite imagery and geospatial Artificial Intelligence are essential for accurate mangrove mapping and blue carbon quantification.
   • These advances aid policy formulation and restoration efforts that recognize the significance of natural capital.

2. Community-Led Conservation:

   • Empowering local communities who depend on mangroves for their livelihood is critical for sustainable stewardship.
   • Healthy mangrove systems correlate with greater fish stocks, improving the livelihoods of coastal communities.
   • Integrated models like Eco-Development Committees (EDCs) and Joint Forest Management Committees (JFMCs) can effectively manage urban mangroves and create alternative livelihood opportunities, including aquaculture and eco-tourism.

3. Citizen Science Engagement:

   • Stakeholder involvement through citizen science can stimulate interest and investment in mangrove conservation.
   • Community monitoring initiatives enhance understanding of mangrove health and foster a collaborative approach to ecosystem management.

Assessment Tools and Framework

Regular monitoring of mangrove ecosystems should incorporate indicators such as:

• Changes in mangrove area.
• Freshwater flow dynamics.
• Biodiversity assessments (avian, floral, molluscan, and fish diversity).
• Community perceptions and dependence on ecosystem services.

Such assessments are vital for guiding management practices and restoring mangrove health.

Conclusion

Conserving mangrove ecosystems requires a coalition approach where stakeholders from science, business, and communities collaborate. Policymakers are urged to recognize mangroves as essential climate and economic infrastructure rather than merely biodiversity zones. Sustainable stewardship necessitates fostering a symbiotic relationship between mangrove health and community well-being to advance resilience against climate change.

Key Recommendations:

• Recognize and integrate the economic importance of mangroves in policy frameworks.
• Engage communities in conservation efforts to build resilience and sustainable practices.
• Utilize technological advancements for better mapping and monitoring of mangrove health.

Published: August 02, 2025, by Madhav Pai, Soumya Swaminathan, and Sejal Worah

The Himalayan Zoological Park near Gangtok, Sikkim, has marked a significant achievement in wildlife conservation with the birth of two red panda cubs on June 15, 2025, after a seven-year hiatus in successful breeding. The announcement was made on August 1, 2025, underscoring the importance of this event for the park's Red Panda Conservation Programme, which has been operational since 1997. The challenging past several years featured two outbreaks of canine distemper, a viral disease that severely impacted the captive red panda population.

Key Highlights:

• Birth of Cubs:

  • Two red panda cubs were born to parents Lucky-II and Mirak on June 15, 2025. This is the first litter for the pair.

• Conservation Programme:

  • The Red Panda Conservation Programme was initiated in 1997. The park's director, Sangay Gyatso, noted that the birth is a significant milestone after a seven-year period which saw no successful births due to disease outbreaks.

• Canine Distemper:

  • Canine distemper is a highly contagious viral disease that affects various organ systems in canines and other carnivores, which previously threatened the park's red panda population.

• Genetic Foundation:

  • The breeding program began with a female red panda Preeti from Rotterdam Zoo and Jugal from Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park, laying a crucial genetic foundation for future breeding.

• Genetic Diversity:

  • In 2005, breeding efforts were bolstered by incorporating a wild-origin pair, Lucky and Ram, which aimed to enhance the genetic diversity of the red panda population in the park.
  • The cubs born are tracked through national and international studbooks to maintain healthy genetic variability and foster global breeding cooperation.

• Breeding Behavior:

  • Red pandas breed from November to January, with a gestation period of five months. Birth typically occurs in warmer months between June and August in hidden nests.
  • The male red panda, Lucky-II, exhibited rare parental involvement by participating in nest-building alongside Mirak.

• Cub Rearing Information:

  • The cubs will be kept away from public exposure until they mature. They will stay with their mother for more than a year, reaching full size by 12 months and sexual maturity by 18 months.

• Park Location and Biodiversity:

  • The Himalayan Zoological Park spans 205 hectares, located at an average elevation of 1,780 meters and is home to various other species, including snow leopards, Himalayan palm civets, monals, Himalayan black bears, and crimson-horned pheasants.

• Significance of the Achievement:

  • The successful birth of these red panda cubs symbolizes a renewed hope for the conservation of this endangered species in Sikkim and highlights the program's resilience and the commitment of its dedicated team.

This occasion not only showcases a triumph in wildlife conservation efforts but also serves as an important reminder of the fragile nature of biodiversity and the necessity for ongoing efforts to protect endangered species like the red panda.

Summary of the E-Waste Collection Drive in Mumbai

In a notable initiative aimed at promoting environmental awareness and responsible e-waste management, students from various educational institutions in Mumbai have successfully collected two tonnes of electronic waste (e-waste). This endeavor was spearheaded by the DotCom Club of Jai Hind College and took place over the course of two days, specifically on July 30 and 31, 2025.

Key Details of the Initiative:

• Participating Institutions:

  • A total of 31 organizations contributed to the drive, including:
    • Eight schools
    • Five colleges
    • 18 societies
  • Notable participants included:
    • St. Joseph School
    • Christ Church
    • St. Xavier College
    • Wilson College
    • Saboo Siddique College
    • Anjuman College

• Total E-Waste Collected:

  • The collective effort yielded over 2,000 kilograms (2 tons) of e-waste, highlighting significant engagement from the community.

• Management of E-Waste:

  • The collected e-waste was handed over to GreenIndia Recycling Company, whose expertise lies in safe and certified e-waste management practices.

Understanding E-Waste:

• E-waste comprises discarded electronic or electrical devices such as old mobile phones, laptops, chargers, and batteries.
• The improper disposal of e-waste can lead to the release of hazardous materials, posing substantial risks to both human health and environmental safety, affecting soil, air, and water quality.

Purpose of the Initiative:

• The initiative was organized by the Departments of B.Sc. IT, B.Voc. SD, and M.Sc. BDA of Jai Hind College.
• It aimed to raise awareness about the importance of proper e-waste disposal and the environmental impacts associated with neglecting this issue.

Publication Information:

• The details of this event were reported on August 2, 2025, at 5:25 AM IST.

Important Points:

• Collection Date: July 30-31, 2025.
• Total E-Waste Collected: 2 tonnes (2,000 kilograms).
• Organizers: DotCom Club of Jai Hind College.
• Participants Included: Several schools and colleges from Mumbai.
• E-Waste Management Partner: GreenIndia Recycling Company.
• Environmental Risk: E-waste poses significant health and environmental hazards when improperly disposed of.
• Goal: To promote awareness regarding e-waste disposal.

This initiative serves as a paradigm for community engagement in environmental stewardship, underscoring the crucial role educational institutions can play in addressing modern waste management challenges.

The news article discusses a significant advisory opinion delivered by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) on July 23, 2025, regarding states' legal obligations in relation to climate change. Below is a comprehensive summary of the article with relevant details encapsulated.

Summary:

• ICJ’s Advisory Opinion (July 23, 2025): The International Court of Justice issued a landmark advisory opinion that reaffirms the legal responsibilities of states to actively mitigate climate change. This ruling is crucial as it frames climate change as a universally acknowledged concern demanding concerted actions from all nations.

• Legal Obligations: The court's opinion specifically mandates that countries must reduce their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Additionally, it underscores the need for wealthier nations to extend support to vulnerable countries that are disproportionately affected by climate change. This anticipates an international legal framework more effectively addressing climate vulnerabilities and the responsibilities of affluent nations stemming from historical emissions.

• Debates Sparked: The ruling has ignited discussions surrounding themes of national sovereignty, the enforcement of climate obligations, and issues of global equity and justice. The question arises whether the ICJ ruling can obligate richer countries to compensate for their historical contributions to greenhouse gas emissions that have exacerbated climate change effects today.

• Guests and Discussion: The article mentions that the discussion on the ruling involved notable guests, including:

  • Ted Nordhaus: An American environmental thinker and co-founder of the Breakthrough Institute. He provided insights on the implications such rulings may have on environmental policy-making and international relations.
  • Anand Grover: A U.N. Special Rapporteur on health, who has previously represented cases relating to environmental and health issues in the Supreme Court, contributing legal perspectives to the discourse.

• Host and Publication: The podcast session discussing this event is hosted by Kunal Shankar and edited by Jude Francis Weston. The podcast, titled Parley by The Hindu, can be accessed on various platforms, including Spotify and Apple Podcasts.

• Global Context: This opinion by the ICJ comes at a time of increasing urgency surrounding climate action and the global community's need to facilitate comprehensive frameworks that can address climate change in an equitable manner, particularly in light of international agreements such as the Paris Agreement.

Important Points:

• The ICJ reaffirmed legal obligations of states to mitigate climate change (July 23, 2025).
• Countries are mandated to reduce GHG emissions and assist vulnerable nations.
• The ruling ignites debates on sovereignty, enforcement, and global equity.
• Questions arise regarding liability of rich nations for historical emissions.
• Notable guests Ted Nordhaus and Anand Grover contributed to the podcast discussion.
• It emphasizes the urgency of collaborative international climate action.

This advisory opinion represents a crucial step in understanding the legal framework surrounding climate change mitigation, rendering it a significant point of reference for current and future environmental legislation and international negotiations.

On July 23, 2025, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) delivered a significant advisory opinion underscoring the legal obligations of nations to address climate change. The court stressed that countries must work to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and provide support to vulnerable nations affected by climate impacts. This ruling has ignited discussions regarding its implications for national sovereignty, the feasibility of enforcement, and issues of global equity.

key points from the article are as follows:

• ICJ's Ruling: The court's advisory opinion posits that states have a legal duty to mitigate climate change and reduce GHG emissions based on findings from international bodies like the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change).

• Debate on Enforcement: Experts Ted Nordhaus and Anand Grover assert that the ruling acts as a legal statement rather than an enforceable judgment, complicating the task of proving causality between a state's inaction and climate harm.

• Challenges in Accountability: Both experts argue that attributing specific harm to individual countries remains difficult, particularly as major emitters, like the U.S., evade accountability and significant environmental targets have not been consistently met.

• Historical Responsibility: The discussion touches on how the ICJ's references to historical emissions add a layer to this dynamic, but Nordhaus expresses skepticism regarding the likelihood of international legal actions prompting substantial domestic changes in major economies.

• Alternative Solutions: Analysts suggest that mechanisms like the “Loss and Damage Fund” may not effectively compel wealthy nations to compensate for their historical emissions, as past aids often serve as rebranded development assistance rather than real reparations.

• Domestic Implications: Anand Grover emphasizes that the ICJ's ruling can provide a legal basis for activists in vulnerable nations to hold their governments accountable for failing to act on emissions reductions.

• Technological Developments: Discussions highlight the evolving landscape of clean technology, noting that countries like China are now leaders in clean technology exports, diminishing the traditional notion of one-way technology transfer from developed to developing nations.

• Critique of the Domain Framework: Nordhaus characterizes the ruling as echoed from an outdated framework, finding little relevance in the current geopolitical context where the efficacy of international institutions is questioned.

• Potential for Future Litigation: While the U.K.'s Shadow Energy Secretary predicted litigation waves against developed nations due to the ruling, Grover called this alarmist, citing the vagueness of obligations and proof standards.

In summary, while the ICJ's advisory opinion aims to establish a legal obligation for states to mitigate climate change, practical challenges remain concerning enforcement, accountability, and the actual impact of such rulings. The interplay between national sovereignty and international obligations continues to complicate the global approach to climate change, necessitating a focus on domestic capabilities and technological advancements as alternative avenues for progress. As developing nations grapple with energy and environmental challenges, they are urged not to remain dependent on reparations but to pursue self-reliant development pathways.

Summary of the Article on "Recipes of the River" by Assavri Kulkarni

Assavri Kulkarni, a fashion photographer from a fishing community in Goa, has initiated a project titled "Recipes of the River." The documentary aims to preserve and showcase the traditional knowledge and practices of the fishing communities that depend on rivers for their livelihood. Kulkarni is motivated by concerns over the erosion of this knowledge, much of which is passed down informally within families rather than through formal education.

Key Aspects of the Project:

• Traditional Knowledge: Kulkarni highlights how members of her community possess extensive knowledge about fishing practices, which include understanding tides, seasonal fish migrations, and breeding habits of fish. This knowledge has typically been passed through oral traditions rather than formal education, emphasizing the expertise of community elders.

• Research and Engagement: Over two years, Kulkarni has engaged with community elders to document their knowledge, carefully considering seasonal changes which influence fishing practices. For example, certain fish are avoided during their breeding seasons to ensure their population remains sustainable. Additionally, shellfish consumption is restricted during the monsoon due to potential stomach issues.

• Environmental Awareness: Kulkarni's research also incorporates environmental observations from her father, who warns that if current practices continue, certain marine species, like oysters and clams, may disappear within a decade due to climate change and pollution.

• Cultural Practices: The fishing community participates in cultural practices, such as worshipping the sea and celebrating Nariyal Poornima, where they offer coconuts to the sea as an expression of gratitude and hope for a successful fishing season.

• Nutritional Insights: Using a basket of different river fish during a session at the Serendipity Arts Festival, Kulkarni educates attendees on the nutritional benefits of river fish. She shares traditional remedies, such as using fish scales for treating skin ailments like styes and pimples.

• Culinary Representation: The project integrates culinary aspects as well, featuring local Goan dishes, including fish mayonnaise, karela kismur (bitter gourd), and fish curry at her demonstrations, highlighting traditional recipes that utilize local fish.

• Preservation Efforts: Kulkarni emphasizes the importance of her artistic and photographic documentation as a means to advocate for sustainable fishing practices and raise awareness about the changing patterns in fish consumption, particularly the growing trend of consuming out-of-season fish.

Conclusion

Kulkarni’s "Recipes of the River" serves as a vital documentation of traditional fishing practices and the challenges faced by the fishing community in Goa. Her work illustrates the intersection of cultural heritage, environmental sustainability, and food practices, underscoring the need for a resurgence in the appreciation of local knowledge and sustainable fisheries.

Important Points:

• Assavri Kulkarni's documentary aims to preserve fishing community knowledge.
• Traditional practices include timed fishing based on lunar and seasonal cycles.
• Concerns are raised about climate change and pollution impacting marine life.
• Cultural rituals, such as offering coconuts to the sea, are integral to the community.
• Kulkarni imparts nutritional knowledge through local dishes and remedies.
• The project advocates for sustainable fishing and highlights the importance of consuming fish seasonally.

The article discusses the rising incidence of flash floods in various regions of India, highlighting the significant death toll and extensive damage caused by these events. Research conducted by the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Gandhinagar has identified critical factors contributing to the increased frequency and intensity of flash floods across the country.

Key Findings and Data

• Death Toll and Impact: Over 100 people died in Himachal Pradesh in October 2023; at least 373 in Wayanad, Kerala, in late July 2024; five soldiers in Ladakh in June 2024; and numerous casualties in Sikkim in October 2023, all attributed to flash floods.
• Annual Statistics: Over 5,000 deaths occur annually in India due to flash floods, which also cause substantial damage to infrastructure, agriculture, and the environment.
• Historical Data: Flash flood events rose from 132 in 2020 to 184 in 2022, according to the Union Ministry of Jal Shakti’s report in the Lok Sabha (2023).

Study Insights

• Published Research: The study, titled "Drivers of flash floods in the Indian sub-continental river basins," was published in the journal Nature Hazards on July 13, 2023. It highlights that flash floods are primarily concentrated in the Himalayas, the western coast, and Central India.
• Driving Factors:
  • Only 25% of flash floods are directly due to extreme precipitation; the remaining are influenced by soil conditions pre-rainfall.
  • High soil saturation from previous wet weather can significantly increase runoff and flash flood risk.
  • Extreme rainfall events lead to flash flooding within six hours only 23% of the time; prolonged rainfall often results in floods.

Climate Change and Its Role

• Increased Frequency: Climate change is identified as a significant driver, with a 1 degree Celsius rise in temperature allowing the atmosphere to hold 7% more moisture, which intensifies precipitation events.
• Statistical Increase: From 1981-2020, extreme precipitation events have doubled in the pre-monsoon season; during the monsoon, extreme rainfall increased by 75%.
• Regional Variability: Flood susceptibility varies widely; Himalayan sub-basins and southern Ganga River basin locales exhibit high susceptibility, whereas central Ganga sub-basins are less prone.

Recommendations for Adaptation

• Region-Specific Strategies: Authorities are advised to develop adaptation plans tailored to specific geographic and climatic conditions rather than relying solely on rainfall measures.
• Enhanced Infrastructure: Building climate-resilient infrastructure is vital to mitigating flash flood impacts.
• Early Warning Systems: Improvements in the detection and warning systems for flash flood-prone areas are crucial for disaster preparedness.
• Land-Use Planning: There is a necessity to revisit land-use and flood planning strategies in light of changing weather patterns and increased rainfall.

Conclusion

The increasing frequency and severity of flash floods in India underscore the urgent need for systematic research and well-planned adaptation strategies to manage the risks associated with this climate-induced disaster effectively.

Important Points:

• Significant loss of life due to flash floods in multiple states of India.
• Annual fatalities exceed 5,000, impacting infrastructure and agriculture.
• Research from IIT Gandhinagar highlights that flash floods are driven not just by extreme rainfall but also by soil conditions and geographical factors.
• Climate change is exacerbating the incidence of extreme weather events, including flash floods.
• Recommendations include localized strategies for flood management and enhanced early warning systems.

Summary of News Article: Mussoorie Tourism Regulations

The Uttarakhand Department of Tourism has mandated that owners of hotels, guesthouses, and homestays in Mussoorie register their guests on a designated Internet portal. This action is part of a broader initiative to manage the ecological balance of the region and corresponds with recommendations from a 2023 report by a committee established by the National Green Tribunal (NGT). This directive is essential in order to prevent the region from surpassing its ecological carrying capacity.

Key Points:

• Registration Policy:

  • The new policy requires the registration of tourists based on the carrying capacity of Mussoorie, which includes limitations based on available parking spots and guest room capacity.
  • Tourists may incur charges for visiting, which would be allocated towards waste management and cleanliness initiatives.

• Implementation Timeline:

  • On May 8, 2023, the NGT urged the Uttarakhand government to fast-track the implementation of the measures suggested in the committee's report.
  • Recently, the state tourism department commenced trials for registering tourists, providing live demonstrations to hotel and homestay owners on how to utilize the new system.

• Tourism Trends:

  • Mussoorie, located about 320 km from Delhi, has seen a drastic increase in tourist numbers over the decades.
  • Visitor statistics indicate a rise from 1.5 lakh in 1958, 3 lakh in 1966, and 8.5 lakh by 2000, leading to over 30 lakh visitors in 2019, just before the pandemic.
  • The rising tourism has placed significant stress on local infrastructure, with registered accommodations consisting of 303 hotels, 201 homestays, and 6 dharamshalas.

• Infrastructure and Environmental Concerns:

  • According to the 2023 assessment, the existing parking facilities can accommodate only 1,240 vehicles, which aligns with the committee's recommendation to limit the number of tourist vehicles based on this capacity.
  • The 2011 Census reported Mussoorie's resident population at 30,118, projected to grow by 23% by 2037 and 52% by 2052, intensifying resource pressures, particularly water supply, which is currently insufficient.

• Geological Vulnerability:

  • Mussoorie is situated at 2,005 meters above sea level and falls within Seismic Zone IV, indicating vulnerability to seismic activities.
  • Prior studies have identified the area's geological instability, exacerbated by the steep terrain and substantial building activities, leading to increased risks of landslides and other natural hazards.
  • The NGT referenced past findings from the Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration in 2001 which stated that further constructions were untenable.

• Recent Concerns:

  • Following incidents like the Joshimath land subsidence, the NGT has raised alarms regarding the risks associated with over-concretization and excessive tourism infrastructure developments, advocating against dangerous projects such as proposed tunnels and ropeways.

In summary, the government is taking necessary steps to regulate tourism in Mussoorie in response to growing pressures on its delicate ecological environment. The new registration system aims to safeguard against overcapacity and ensure sustainable practices in one of India's prominent tourist destinations.

On Wednesday morning, an earthquake of magnitude 8.8 struck the Kamchatka Peninsula in Russia, approximately 6,500 km east of Moscow. This seismic event, one of the strongest recorded, occurred on the Circum-Pacific seismic belt, known as the "Ring of Fire." Its tremors generated a tsunami that affected several nations along the northern Pacific Ocean, with wave heights reaching 3-4 meters in Kamchatka, nearly five feet in Hawaii, and two feet in Japan. Fortunately, despite reports of flooding and damage, there were no fatalities linked to this earthquake.

Key Facts from the Earthquake:

• Magnitude: 8.8, marking it as one of the strongest earthquakes in recent history and the largest since the 9.1 magnitude earthquake in Japan in 2011.
• Location: Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia, part of the "Ring of Fire" seismic belt.
• Tsunami Impact: Waves of 3-4 meters recorded in Kamchatka; affected Hawaii and Japan with lesser waves.
• Casualties: No lives lost; compared to the 7.6 magnitude earthquake in Nepal in 2015 that resulted in over 15,000 fatalities.

Seismic Context:

• Frequency of Large Earthquakes: Only five earthquakes of magnitude 8.5 and above have occurred globally in the last 20 years, indicating the rarity of such events despite the region's seismic activity.
• Ring of Fire: A highly active seismic belt encompassing the Pacific Ocean, accounting for over 80% of the planet's largest earthquakes, including notable events like the 9.5 magnitude quake in Chile in 1960 and the 9.2 quake in Alaska in 1964.
• Earthquake Data: The region, extending from Kamchatka to northern Japan, has experienced over 130 earthquakes of magnitude 7-plus since 1900, with a historically significant magnitude 9 event recorded in 1952.

Geological Processes:

• Subduction Processes: The Ring of Fire is characterized by multiple subduction zones where tectonic plates converge, leading to significant stress and eventual release in the form of earthquakes. The Pacific Plate, being denser, subducts beneath lighter continental plates, intensifying geological activity.
• Global Earthquake Zones: The Ring of Fire is one of three principal earthquake-prone regions globally. The Alpide belt, spanning from Indonesia through the Himalayas to Turkey, is the second-most active, contributing 15-17% of significant earthquakes, primarily impacting densely populated areas.

Impact and Implications:

• Population Density: Kamchatka's population density is low, approximately 0.62 persons per square kilometer, which mitigated the impact of the earthquake, whereas earthquakes in more populated regions often result in higher casualties.
• Potential for Stronger Earthquakes: The size of an earthquake correlates with the length of the faultline involved; a 9.5 magnitude earthquake represents the upper limit of known natural seismic events, with no current faultlines expected to produce a magnitude of 10 or more.

Summary Bullets:

• An 8.8 magnitude earthquake struck Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia, on Wednesday.
• The tsunami generated waves of 3-4 meters in Kamchatka and triggered waves in Hawaii and Japan, without any reported fatalities.
• The earthquake is one of only five in the last 20 years of 8.5 magnitude or greater.
• The earthquake occurred in the Circum-Pacific seismic belt, accounting for over 80% of the world's largest earthquakes.
• Historical data shows the region has experienced over 130 earthquakes of magnitude 7 or greater since 1900.
• The geological process of subduction contributes to the high seismic activity in this region.
• The Kamchatka region's low population density helped prevent casualties from this significant seismic event.

Summary of Prime Minister Narendra Modi's Announcement on the Grassland Bird Census in Kaziranga National Park:

On July 27, Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced the completion of a groundbreaking "first-ever grassland bird census" conducted in Assam's Kaziranga National Park as part of his Mann ki Baat radio program. The census, which took place from March 18 to May 25, aimed to assess the population of grassland bird species, a significant endeavor given that 70% of the national park is comprised of grasslands.

Key Highlights:

• Research Initiation: The survey was initiated by Chiranjib Bora, a doctoral student studying the endangered Black-breasted Parrotbill. Bora received support through an INSPIRE fellowship from the Department of Science & Technology, which included acoustic monitoring tools.
• Methodology Overview: The census employed innovative passive acoustic recording techniques, which proved effective in observing the elusive grassland birds. Acoustic recorders were strategically placed near grasslands during the birds' breeding season to capture their vocalizations.
  • By utilizing software like Birdnet, which employs machine learning to identify bird species by their calls, the research team was able to analyze recorded sound files for bird identification.
  • The survey encompassed 29 locations within the national park using six acoustic recorders.

Census Findings:

• A total of 43 grassland bird species were recorded, including:
  • 1 Critically Endangered species
  • 2 Endangered species
  • 6 Vulnerable species
• Notably, a breeding colony of the endangered Finn's Weaver, endemic to the Brahmaputra flood plains, was discovered, comprising over 85 nests.

Significance of Findings:

• Grassland birds serve as important indicators of ecosystem health. The presence of diverse grassland bird species signals a healthy habitat. This is analogous to how Body Mass Index (BMI) is used to assess human health.
• The discovery of the Finn's Weaver breeding colony signifies positive conservation outcomes.

Conservation Concerns:

• Grassland habitats in Assam have faced severe degradation, with an estimated 70% loss over the past 40 years due to various factors:
  • Anthropogenic Factors: Overgrazing and conversion of grasslands for agriculture.
  • Ecological Succession: Natural processes that lead grasslands to transition into forested areas.
• Climate change exacerbates these threats, potentially impacting species populations. For instance, the visibility of the Bengal Florican has diminished significantly, raising concerns about the influence of climate factors on its survival.

Conclusion: The grassland bird census in Kaziranga National Park showcases the effective integration of technology in wildlife research and highlights the pressing need for conservation efforts to protect fragile grassland ecosystems. As grassland birds are sensitive indicators of health within their habitats, their survival is crucial for maintaining ecological balance.

Important Sentences:

• Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced the first-ever grassland bird census in Kaziranga on July 27, 2023.
• The census was conducted from March 18 to May 25, 2023, involving forest officials and conservationists.
• It employed passive acoustic recording techniques to monitor grassland birds, an innovative approach to studying elusive species.
• The survey recorded 43 grassland bird species, including critical and endangered varieties.
• A significant discovery was a breeding colony of the endangered Finn's Weaver, comprising over 85 nests.
• Grassland birds are indicators of ecosystem health, and their presence is vital for conservation.
• Concerns exist over habitat loss due to anthropogenic factors and climate change, threatening the species' survival.

The article discusses the increasing frequency and severity of flash floods in India, highlighting key incidents, underlying causes, and adaptation strategies needed to mitigate their impacts.

Summary:

• Recent Flash Flood Events: In July 2024, Kerala’s Wayanad reported at least 373 fatalities due to flash floods, while Himachal Pradesh recorded over 100 deaths within the same month. Earlier, in June 2024, five soldiers were killed in Ladakh, and numerous fatalities were reported in Sikkim in October 2023. These instances illustrate the widespread and devastating effects of flash floods across India, which claim over 5,000 lives annually and cause significant infrastructural and agricultural damage.

• Rising Frequency of Flash Floods: Between 2020 and 2022, the number of flash flood incidents in India increased from 132 to 184, as stated by the Union Ministry of Jal Shakti in a Lok Sabha reply in 2023, attributable in part to rising global temperatures and extreme rainfall patterns.

• Inadequate Research: There is a substantial gap in research regarding the identification of regions most vulnerable to flash floods, making it challenging to deploy effective adaptation strategies and early warning systems.

• Study Findings: A recent study from the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Gandhinagar, published in "Nature Hazards," identifies the primary geographical regions where flash floods occur — notably the Himalayas, the west coast, and Central India. It emphasizes that various factors, including soil moisture and terrain characteristics, play a critical role in determining flash flood susceptibility.

• Main Drivers of Flash Floods:

  • Only 25% of flash floods are caused directly by extreme precipitation; the rest stem from a combination of prior soil conditions and rainfall.
  • Significant flooding typically arises from prolonged low-intensity or high-intensity rainfall rather than singular extreme events.
  • In regions like the west coast and Central India, specific geomorphological features enhance flood risks. For example, steep slopes in the Himalayas lead to quicker water runoff.

• Impact of Climate Change: The study indicates a correlation between rising temperatures and increased flood risks; for every 1°C rise in temperature, the atmosphere can hold approximately 7% more moisture, leading to intensified rainfall. Extreme precipitation events in India have been observed to double during the pre-monsoon season from 1981 to 2020, with substantial increases noted in monsoon-related extreme rainfall.

• Geographical Variability: The research indicates variability in flood susceptibility within major river basins. For instance, sub-basins in the Himalayan regions and the southern Ganga basin are highly susceptible, contrasting with the lower risk seen in Central Ganga basin sub-basins.

• Need for Adaptation Strategies: Adaptation strategies must be tailored to regional geography and soil conditions rather than solely focusing on rainfall metrics. Recommendations call for:

  • Development of targeted early warning systems.
  • Identification of potential new flash flood hotspots.
  • Construction of climate-resilient infrastructure.

• Call for Enhanced Planning: The findings underscore the necessity for improved land-use policies and flood planning to address the changing climate and associated risk patterns effectively.

Key Points:

• Over 5,000 deaths and extensive damage from flash floods annually in India.
• Increasing flash flood occurrences, from 132 in 2020 to 184 in 2022.
• IIT Gandhinagar study highlights geographical hotspots and contributing factors to flash floods.
• Extreme precipitation accounts for only a quarter of flash flood causes; soil conditions are crucial.
• Climate change significantly elevates the intensity and frequency of rainfall events.
• Variance in flash flood risk exists even within the same river basin.
• Urgent need for region-specific adaptation strategies and infrastructure resilience to tackle flood risks effectively.

The government of Uttarakhand has initiated a mandatory guest registration system for owners of hotels, guesthouses, and homestays in Mussoorie, aimed at safeguarding the region’s ecology from excessive tourism. This measure follows recommendations from a 2023 report by a committee established by the National Green Tribunal (NGT) to protect Mussoorie’s environmental integrity.

Key Details

• Purpose of Registration: The online registration, handled via an Internet portal by the Uttarakhand Department of Tourism, is intended to manage tourism according to the local ecology's 'carrying capacity'. This includes consideration of available parking and guest accommodation.

• Action from NGT: On May 8, 2023, the NGT urged the Uttarakhand government to expedite the implementation of recommendations from the report. It included 19 preventive and remedial measures, which the state began to trial on a specified Wednesday.

• Operationalization of Registration: The first demonstration for hotel and homestay owners was conducted, explaining how to input and manage tourist data in real-time upon guest check-ins.

Tourism Statistics & Infrastructure

• Increasing Tourist Pressure: Mussoorie has experienced a significant rise in tourist numbers, growing from 150,000 visitors in 1958 to over 3 million in 2019 before the COVID-19 pandemic.

• Visitor Accommodation: As of 2023, Mussoorie has 303 registered hotels, 201 homestays, and space for only 1,240 vehicles for parking. The area’s physical infrastructure is under pressure due to the influx of tourists.

• Resident Population: The resident population was recorded at 30,118 in the 2011 Census, with projections estimating a 23% increase by 2037 and a 52% increase by 2052.

Environmental Concerns

• Water Supply Issues: The current water supply to Mussoorie (7.69 million liters per day) is insufficient, necessitating additional resources from the Yamuna Water Supply Scheme.

• Geological Vulnerability: Mussoorie's geographic location in Seismic Zone IV makes it susceptible to geological instability. A 2007 study highlighted risks from the fractured carbonate rock and steep slopes.

• Restrictions on Construction: A past report from 2001 concluded no further construction was viable due to the area’s carrying capacity. The NGT referenced this finding due to concerns raised by recent geological events, such as the Joshimath land subsidence incident.

• Risks of Modern Infrastructure: The NGT also cautioned against proposed development projects such as tunnels and ropeways, citing potential exacerbation of environmental degradation and physical risks to the infrastructure.

Conclusion

These measures reflect ongoing efforts by the Uttarakhand government and the NGT to maintain the delicate balance between tourism development and environmental sustainability in Mussoorie. The guest registration initiative aims to regulate tourist numbers and alleviate the ecological burden caused by excessive tourism.

Important Points

• Mandatory online guest registration initiated by Uttarakhand for accommodation providers in Mussoorie.
• 2023 report by NGT committee outlines measures to protect Mussoorie's ecology.
• Tourism numbers surged from 1.5 lakh in 1958 to over 30 lakh in 2019.
• Mussoorie faces infrastructure strain with only 1,240 vehicle parking spaces.
• Resident population could increase by 52% by 2052.
• Water supply issues persist; reliant on supplementary sources for adequate supply.
• The region is geology vulnerable (Seismic Zone IV) and experiences risks from over-construction.
• NGT warns against future infrastructural developments that could harm the fragile environment.

On Wednesday morning, an 8.8 magnitude earthquake, one of the strongest recorded globally, struck the Kamchatka Peninsula in Russia's far east, approximately 6,500 km from Moscow. This seismic event triggered a tsunami impacting several countries along the northern Pacific coast, manifesting in wave heights of 3-4 meters in Kamchatka, around five feet in Hawaii, and two feet in Japan. Despite the flooding and damages reported, there were no fatalities associated with the earthquake, making it a notable exception to similar past events, such as the devastating 9.1 magnitude earthquake in Japan that precipitated the Fukushima disaster in 2011.

Key Details:

• Date of Earthquake: Wednesday morning (date not specified)
• Location: Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia
• Magnitude: 8.8
• Tsunami Wave Heights:
  • Kamchatka: 3-4 meters
  • Hawaii: ~5 feet
  • Japan: ~2 feet

The 8.8 magnitude earthquake was categorized as rare, with only five recorded earthquakes of magnitude 8.5 and above in the last 20 years. However, its occurrence in Kamchatka is not unusual, given that the region lies on the Circum-Pacific seismic belt, widely recognized as the "Ring of Fire." This area is notorious for its seismic activity, hosting more than 80% of the world’s largest earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.

Circum-Pacific Seismic Belt:

• The "Ring of Fire" includes regions such as the western coasts of the Americas, eastern Asia, and parts of Oceania.
• Countries affected include the United States, Mexico, Japan, Indonesia, and Russia.
• The largest recorded earthquake occurred in Chile in 1960 (magnitude 9.5).
• Historical data indicates over 130 earthquakes of 7-plus magnitude since 1900 in this region.

Geological Processes:

The earthquakes in this belt primarily result from subduction processes, where tectonic plates collide, with heavier plates submerging beneath lighter ones. The Kamchatka Peninsula is a unique area where subduction is observable above land, in contrast to most subduction zones that are underwater. The process generates significant stress at plate boundaries, resulting in the occurrence of earthquakes. For instance, the Himalayas have been formed through the subduction of the Indian plate against the Eurasian plate.

Secondary Earthquake Zones:

The Circum-Pacific seismic belt is one of three prominent seismic zones globally:

1. Alpide Belt: Extends from Indonesia through the Himalayas to Turkey. Responsible for 15-17% of significant earthquakes; more lethal due to its proximity to dense populations.
2. Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Located deep underwater, producing moderate earthquakes with minimal impact because of their distance from populated areas.

The region’s low population density, with Kamchatka Krai having approximately 0.62 persons per square kilometer, contributed significantly to the absence of casualties, contrasting sharply with the aftermath of the 7.6 magnitude Nepal earthquake in 2015, which resulted in over 15,000 deaths.

Summary Points:

• Earthquake's magnitude: 8.8
• Date: Wednesday morning (exact date unspecified)
• Region prone to seismic activity: Kamchatka Peninsula, situated on the "Ring of Fire."
• Historical precedent: Strongest earthquake since the 9.1 magnitude quake in Japan in 2011.
• No casualties reported, unlike other significant earthquakes due to low population density in Kamchatka.
• The event underscores the importance of understanding geological processes and seismic risks, particularly in earthquake-prone areas.

The recent Kamchatka earthquake serves as a reminder of the geological volatility of the Ring of Fire, reaffirming the necessity for global preparedness and response strategies to mitigate the impact of future seismic events.

In a recent episode of the "Mann ki Baat" radio program on July 27, 2023, Prime Minister Narendra Modi discussed the inaugural grassland bird census conducted in Kaziranga National Park, Assam. This survey, which ran from March 18 to May 25, aimed to assess the population of grassland birds in a park where 70% of the landscape comprises grasslands.

Key Highlights:

• Initiation of the Census: The project began when Chiranjib Bora, a doctoral student studying the threatened Black-breasted Parrotbill, received an INSPIRE fellowship from the Department of Science & Technology. Equipped with acoustic monitoring tools, he collaborated with Kaziranga officials for the census.

• Objectives: The main aim was to document the species of grassland birds, which are often rare, small, and well-camouflaged, making them difficult to count using traditional visual methods. The survey focused on 10 species that are globally threatened or endemic to the Brahmaputra floodplains, including:

  • Bengal Florican
  • Swamp Francolin
  • Finn’s Weaver
  • Swamp Grass Babbler
  • Jerdon’s Babbler
  • Slender-billed Babbler
  • Black-breasted Parrotbill
  • Marsh Babbler
  • Bristled Grassbird
  • Indian Grassbird

• Surveillance Methodology: This survey employed a unique methodology involving passive acoustic recording. Acoustic recorders were strategically placed in tall trees near grasslands during the breeding season (March-May) to capture the vocalizations of the birds, which are more active during this time.

  • After gathering data over three days, the recordings were analyzed. Various tools were used, including software for sound spectrograms and the Birdnet tool, which utilizes machine learning for bird song identification. The survey covered 29 locations within the national park using six recorders.

• Findings: The study documented a total of 43 grassland bird species, which included:

  • 1 Critically Endangered species
  • 2 Endangered species
  • 6 Vulnerable species (according to the IUCN Red List).

  Notably, a breeding colony of the endangered Finn’s Weaver was discovered, containing over 85 nests, marking a significant ecological finding.

• Ecosystem Significance: According to Dr. Sonali Ghosh, Director of Kaziranga National Park, grassland birds serve as indicators of ecosystem health, similar to how Body Mass Index (BMI) reflects human health. The presence of these birds suggests a healthy habitat, though numerous threats pose risks to their existence.

Threats to Grassland Birds:

• Habitat Loss: Assam has lost approximately 70% of its grasslands over the past four decades due to:

  • Overgrazing
  • Agricultural encroachment
  • Natural ecological succession leading to forestation.

• Climate Change: The impacts of climate change are also concerning. For instance, observations of the Bengal Florican showed a drastic population decline compared to past surveys, prompting further research on the cause of such declines.

Conclusion:

The first-ever grassland bird census in Kaziranga National Park highlights the urgent need for conservation efforts for grassland birds and their habitats. The census not only provides critical data for understanding current avian populations but also emphasizes the significant ecological challenges they face.

Important Points:

• The grassland bird census took place in Kaziranga National Park from March 18 to May 25, 2023.
• 43 grassland bird species were documented, including several threatened ones.
• Unique acoustic monitoring techniques were employed for data collection.
• Significant threats to bird populations include habitat destruction and climate change.
• Grassland birds are crucial indicators of ecosystem health.

The Water Resources Department of Andhra Pradesh has issued a high alert for areas along the Krishna River due to significant water inflow from the Srisailam and Nagarjuna Sagar reservoirs. This precautionary measure affects five districts: Guntur, Palnadu, Bapatla, NTR, and Krishna.

Key Developments:

• Water Release from Pulichintala Project: On July 31, 2025, authorities released over 2.84 lakh cusecs of water from the Pulichintala Project by lifting 12 crest gates. The project received inflows exceeding 3.01 lakh cusecs, with a storage level of 41.586 TMC ft against a capacity of 45.77 TMC ft.
• Prakasam Barrage Operations: In Vijayawada, 70 crest gates of the Prakasam Barrage were lifted, releasing 71,000 cusecs downstream. Inflows peaked at 87,441 cusecs before reducing to 77,804 cusecs.
• Diverted Water: To alleviate pressure on the barrage, additional water was diverted into the Krishna Eastern Main Canal (10,207 cusecs) and Western Main Canal (6,234 cusecs).

Authorities are actively monitoring vulnerable areas like Budameru, Pulivagu, and Kotula Vagu. A comprehensive mapping of 43 flood-prone areas in Vijayawada has been conducted, with associated rehabilitation centers ready for activation if evacuations become necessary.

Government Response:

• 24x7 Emergency Control Room: A control room has been established at the Collectorate for residents to report flood-related emergencies. The contact number is 91549 70454.
• Surveillance and Preventive Measures: Various government teams, including those from the Irrigation, Revenue, Police, Panchayat Raj, and Municipal departments, are closely monitoring the situation.
• Alert to the Public: District Collector G. Lakshmisha emphasized vigilance for residents in low-lying areas. The State Disaster Response Force (SDRF) is on standby for immediate deployment.

Current Weather Forecast: The India Meteorological Department (IMD) has predicted no significant rain for Andhra Pradesh until August 6, 2025, with only isolated light to moderate rain expected at some locations.

Safety Guidelines:

• The A.P. State Disaster Management Authority has issued warnings against swimming or boating in the Krishna River and has advised fishermen to refrain from fishing for the next two days.

Conclusion: The authorities remain vigilant as they manage the situation stemming from heavy inflows, with proactive measures being taken to protect residents and infrastructure along the Krishna River.

Key Points:

• High alert declared for Krishna River and five districts in Andhra Pradesh.
• Water release exceeding 2.84 lakh cusecs from Pulichintala Project.
• Monitoring of inflows into Prakasam Barrage; significant water diversion to canals.
• 43 flood-prone areas identified in Vijayawada, with rehabilitation plans ready.
• 24/7 emergency control room established for flood emergencies.
• IMD forecasts no significant rain until August 6, 2025.
• Public safety guidelines issued against river activities during high alert.

Summary of Achievements Under the Namami Gange Mission

The National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) has made significant progress under the Namami Gange Programme, a government initiative aimed at revitalizing the Ganga River and its tributaries. Below are key achievements and metrics reported as of June 2025.

Key Achievements

• Sewerage Infrastructure Projects:

  • 212 sewerage infrastructure projects totaling ₹34,526 crore have been initiated, improving water quality with a treatment capacity of 6,540 Million Liters per Day (MLD).
  • 136 Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) with a capacity of 3,780 MLD are fully operational.

• Industrial Pollution Abatement:

  • Three Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs) sanctioned, including:
    • Jajmau CETP (20 MLD).
    • Banther CETP (4.5 MLD).
    • Mathura CETP (6.25 MLD), of which two projects are completed.

• Grossly Polluting Industries (GPIs):

  • Since inspections commenced in 2017, a total of 4,246 GPIs have been inventoried.
  • Compliance status: 2,682 compliant, 517 non-compliant (26 have closure notices), 523 temporarily closed, and 278 permanently closed.
  • The Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) load has reduced from 26 tons per day in 2017 to 13.73 TPD in 2023, alongside a reduction in effluent discharge from 349 MLD to 249.31 MLD.

• Monitoring and Compliance:

  • An online dashboard named "PRAYAG" has been established for real-time monitoring of river water quality and STP performance.
  • Implementation of minimum e-flow norms since October 2018, ensuring sustainable river health monitored by the Central Water Commission (CWC).

Biodiversity Conservation Efforts

• Biodiversity Parks and Wetlands:

  • Seven Biodiversity Parks in Uttar Pradesh and five priority wetlands across Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Jharkhand have received sanction.

• Afforestation and Fish Conservation:

  • 33,024 hectares afforested along the Ganga, with an expenditure of approximately ₹414 crores.
  • 16 million Indian Major Carp fingerlings released to conserve fish biodiversity.

• Species Rehabilitation Programs:

  • Collaborative projects for the conservation of aquatic species, with noted increases in species sightings, including Dolphins, Turtles, and Otters.

Public Engagement and Awareness Initiatives

• District Ganga Committees:

  • 139 District Ganga Committees (DGC) conduct regular meetings, with over 4,377 meetings held by July 2025.

• Public Campaigns:

  • Events like Ganga Utsav, Nadi Utsav, and regular cleanathons to foster public awareness and participation in Ganga conservation.

Water Quality Improvements

• Water Quality Assessments:

  • Reports from the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) classify various river stretches based on pollution levels:
    • Uttarakhand (BOD < 3 mg/l) is clear of pollution.
    • Parts of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and West Bengal show varying levels of BOD indicating pollution but have improved overall water quality.

• Biological Water Quality (BWQ):

  • Results from 2024–2025 indicate BWQ largely ranged from ‘Good’ to ‘Moderate’, and species diversity suggests improvements in river health.

• Dolphin Population Recovery:

  • The dolphin population has more than doubled from approximately 2,500-3,000 in 2009 to 6,327 in current estimates.

Financial Disbursement and Oversight

• Funding Disbursement:

  • NMCG has disbursed ₹19,679.84 crore from FY 2014-2015 through June 2025 for various approved projects.

• Challenges:

  • Delays attributed to land acquisition, statutory clearances, and permissions.

The efforts under the Namami Gange Mission signify a comprehensive approach to river conservation, ecological restoration, and sustainable management of water resources.

Important Sentences:

• NMCG has initiated 212 sewerage projects costing ₹34,526 crores for Ganga remediation.
• 136 STPs with 3,780 MLD capacity are operational, and three CETPs have been sanctioned.
• GPIs inspection has resulted in a BOD reduction from 26 TPD in 2017 to 13.73 TPD in 2023.
• The dolphin population has increased significantly from 2009 to 2023.
• A total of ₹19,679.84 crore has been disbursed under the programme through June 2025.

Summary of Pollution Control in Rivers

The control of pollution in rivers is a significant responsibility of the State/Union Territories and local bodies in India. The Ministry of Jal Shakti is actively implementing programs such as the Namami Gange Program and the National River Conservation Plan (NRCP) to rejuvenate and protect rivers, specifically the Ganga and other water bodies across the country.

Key Initiatives and Programs:

• Namami Gange Program:

  • A national initiative aimed at the rejuvenation and management of the river Ganga and its tributaries.
  • Total of 212 sewerage infrastructure projects are currently being undertaken, which involves the laying of 5220 km of sewer network and a sewage treatment capacity of 6540 million litres per day (MLD).
  • 136 projects have been completed, resulting in a sewage treatment capacity of 3781 MLD.
  • Approximately ₹20,000 crores have been allocated, with ₹10,500 crores spent over the last five years on various project implementations.

• National River Conservation Plan (NRCP):

  • Covers 57 rivers across 17 states at a cost of ₹8970 crores.
  • Created a total sewage treatment capacity of 2945 MLD in targeted towns.
  • Around ₹1677 crores has been released under NRCP in the past five years for project implementation.

• Other Relevant Schemes:

  • Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT): Focuses on improving sewerage infrastructure in selected towns.
  • Smart Cities Mission: Aims at sustainable water management and sanitation systems improvement.
  • Swachh Bharat Mission - Urban: Enhances urban sanitation and cleanliness.

Pollution Management Outcomes:

• Reports from the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) in 2022 indicate a reduction in polluted river stretches from 351 in 2018 to 311 in the current year.
• 106 river stretches have shown no pollution, while 74 stretches have experienced water quality improvements.
• Notably, the Ganga River shows improvement, with dissolved oxygen levels now within acceptable limits which support the river's ecosystem.
• A significant increase in the population of dolphins has been noted in the Ganga, which serves as an indicator of ecosystem health.

Regulatory Framework:

• The Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986 mandates the treatment of domestic wastewater before discharge into any water bodies.
• The National Green Tribunal ordered states/UTs to prepare action plans for identified polluted river stretches to restore water quality.
• These action plans are monitored both at state and central levels for effective implementation.

Ministerial Statement:

This information was provided by Shri Raj Bhushan Choudhary, the Minister of State for Jal Shakti, in response to a question during a Lok Sabha session.

Important Points:

• Responsibility for pollution control lies primarily with States, local bodies.
• Namami Gange has significantly invested in sewerage infrastructure with numerous completed projects.
• The NRCP is also achieving noteworthy successes in river conservation across various states.
• The continuous monitoring and efforts from multiple government schemes indicate a dedicated approach toward improving water quality in Indian rivers.
• Regulatory and judicial measures strengthen the enforcement of pollution control efforts.

This comprehensive approach illustrates the ongoing commitment to tackle water pollution and enhance the health of India's river systems through various collaborative governmental programs and interventions.

The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change of India commemorated World Environment Day on June 5, 2025, under the theme "One Nation, One Mission: End Plastic Pollution." This significant observance included various activities over a month, attracting approximately 21 lakh participants through around 69,000 events nationwide.

Key Highlights:

• Date of Observation: June 5, 2025.
• Initiatives: A special tree plantation drive led by Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi, featured the planting of a Banyan sapling as part of the ‘Aravalli Green Wall’ project, aimed at reforesting the 700 km Aravalli range.
• Electric Buses: Launch of 200 Electric Buses by the Delhi Government to endorse clean urban mobility.

National Plastic Pollution Reduction Campaign (NPPRC)

• Duration: June 5 to October 31, 2025.
• Focus Areas:
  • Reducing plastic pollution in Tiger Reserves and various urban and rural locales through the ‘Swachhta Hi Sewa’ program.
  • Emphasizing the minimization of single-use plastics in government offices during the Special Campaign 5.0.
  • Engaging youth with creative competitions like poem writing and skits on Ending Plastic Pollution.

Legislative Framework

• Notification of Plastic Waste Management (Amendment) Rules on March 14, 2024: This mandates annual online reports from urban local bodies and district-level Panchayats to relevant authorities to improve accountability and transparency.
• Prohibition of Single-Use Plastics (SUP): The Plastic Waste Management Amendment Rules, 2021, effective from July 1, 2022, banned specific SUP items based on their low utility and high potential for littering.

Enforcement and Compliance

• Inspections and Penalties:
  • 861,740 inspections conducted by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs).
  • Seizure of 1985 tonnes of banned SUP items and imposition of Rs. 19.82 crores in penalties.

Development of Eco-Alteratives

• Innovations: The ban has fostered the creation of eco-alternatives, with nearly 1,000 manufacturers listed in a new Compendium launched on World Environment Day.
• EPR Portal: Approximately 51,000 Producers, Importers, and Brandowners, along with 2,600 Plastic Waste Processors, are registered, yielding the recycling of about 157 lakh tonnes of plastic waste since the Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) Guidelines on plastic packaging were issued on February 16, 2022.

Environmental Compensation

• The regulations allow for imposing Environmental Compensation based on the polluter pays principle for non-compliance with plastic waste management rules. Revised guidelines for assessment of this compensation were issued in August 2024.

The Minister of State for Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Shri Kirti Vardhan Singh, provided this comprehensive account in a written response in the Rajya Sabha.

Important Points:

• World Environment Day 2025 celebrated on June 5th with major participation and initiatives.
• National Plastic Pollution Reduction Campaign (NPPRC) launched to combat plastic pollution from June to October 2025.
• Legislation in place prohibiting certain SUPs since July 2022.
• Significant enforcement activities leading to considerable fines and environmental action.
• Development of eco-friendly alternatives promoted, supported by the Compendium and regulatory frameworks.
• Emphasis on Extended Producer Responsibility guiding plastic waste management with impressive recycling outcomes.

Summary of the Article on Sea-Level Rise and Coastal Vulnerabilities in India

The Indian National Centre for Ocean Information and Services (INCOIS), under the Ministry of Earth Sciences, has released an interim report assessing climate change-induced extreme sea levels and coastal vulnerabilities across India. This report is part of the Deep Ocean Mission and includes vulnerability maps for 11 coastal locations, such as Mumbai, Chennai, and Kolkata.

Key Findings from the Report:

• Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI) maps at a scale of 1:100,000 were created to evaluate the implications of sea-level rise based on various parameters, including:
  • Coastal slope
  • Shoreline change rate
  • Coastal elevation
  • Tidal range
  • Significant wave height
• A demarcated “Hazard line” by the Survey of India (SOI) indicates areas prone to flooding due to water level fluctuations and shoreline changes.

Government Initiatives:

The Indian government has established several strategies and action plans targeted at climate change adaptation and resilience-building in coastal regions:

• Implementation of the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC), which encompasses nine Missions focused on adaptation in areas including:

  • Water
  • Habitat
  • Agriculture
  • Himalayan ecosystems
  • Human health
  • Climate change strategic knowledge

• Each of the 34 States and Union Territories has formulated State Action Plans on Climate Change (SAPCCs) that align with their unique ecological and socio-economic conditions.

Financial Support Measures:

• The Guidelines for Appraisal and Release of Funds for Coastal and River Erosion, announced on June 20, 2024, emphasize erosion mitigation and displacement resettlement funded through the National Disaster Mitigation Fund (NDMF), with an allocation of ₹1500 crore for 2021–2026.
• Support for smaller coastal cities impacted by erosion through financial and logistical assistance from the National Disaster Response Fund (NDRF).

Technical Support and Development:

• The National Centre for Coastal Research (NCCR) develops Shoreline Management Plans (SMP) to tackle erosion and climate change challenges effectively.
• A report and atlas detailing existing coastal bio-shields that serve as nature-based solutions have been compiled to enhance coastal resilience.

Community Involvement and Sustainable Development:

• The Integrated Coastal Risk Mitigation and Resilience Programme (ICRMRP), facilitated by the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), incorporates community participation and spatial planning to bolster resilience efforts.
• This seven-component framework includes risk assessments, early warning systems, and emphasizes sustainable development planning.

Important Points:

• INCOIS has prepared vulnerability maps and indices assessing Indian coastal areas.
• A "Hazard line" integrates various factors influencing flood risks.
• The NAPCC facilitates climate adaptation through specific Missions.
• States have created SAPCCs tailored to local needs.
• NDMF allocation aims to manage coastal erosion and displaced populations.
• NCCR supports coastal management and biodiversity through technical assessments.
• ICRMRP focuses on community-driven planning for resilience.

This information was presented by Dr. Jitendra Singh, Union Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Science and Technology, in a written response in the Rajya Sabha.

Summary of the Namami Gange Programme and its Achievements

The Namami Gange Programme (NGP), launched by the Government of India (GoI) in 2014-15, is a significant initiative aimed at the rejuvenation of river Ganga and its tributaries. Initially planned for five years ending March 2021, the program has been extended until March 2026 due to the ongoing pollution challenges.

Financial Allocations:

• The total budgetary allocation from FY 2014-15 to FY 2024-25 stands at ₹ 23,424.86 crore, with another ₹ 3,400 crore allocated in the Budget Estimates (BE) for FY 2025-26.
• Thus, the cumulative allocation for the NGP up to FY 2025-26 is projected to be ₹ 26,824.86 crore.

Program Interventions: The NGP encompasses a variety of comprehensive interventions to address pollution in the Ganga and its tributaries, including:

• Wastewater treatment,
• Solid waste management,
• River front management (including ghats and crematoria development),
• E-flow (environmental flow),
• Afforestation,
• Biodiversity conservation, and
• Public participation.

A total of 502 projects have been sanctioned under the program, with 323 projects successfully completed.

Assessment and Current Status: According to the assessment of Priority River Stretches (PRSs) conducted in 2022, the conditions of the river vary by region:

• Uttarakhand: No polluted stretches (BOD < 3 mg/l),
• Uttar Pradesh: Stretches from Farrukhabad to Allahabad and Mirzapur to Ghazipur categorized as Priority Class V (BOD 3–6 mg/l),
• Bihar: Polled stretches near Buxar, Patna, Fatwah, and Bhagalpur in Priority Class IV (BOD 6–10 mg/l),
• Jharkhand: No polluted stretches (BOD < 3 mg/l),
• West Bengal: Stretch from Behrampur to Haldia falls under Priority Class IV (BOD 6–10 mg/l).

Additionally, the levels of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) have been maintained within standards set for primary bathing water quality, which supports the aquatic ecosystem.

Reduction in Pollution Load: Since the initiation of annual inspections of Grossly Polluting Industries (GPIs) by third-party technical institutes in 2017, significant reductions in pollution have been observed:

• BOD load reduced from 26 tons per day in 2017 to 13.73 tons per day in 2023.
• Effluent discharge decreased from 349 million liters per day (MLD) in 2017 to 249.31 MLD in 2023.

Biodiversity Monitoring: The biological water quality (BWQ) during monitoring from 2024-25 indicated predominantly 'Good' to 'Moderate' conditions. Furthermore, the dolphin population, an important ecological indicator, has seen a significant rise from approximately 3,500 individuals in 2015 to around 6,327 in recent surveys (2021-2023). This marks more than a twofold increase since 2009, with dolphins also recorded in additional rivers in the Ganga basin.

International Recognition: The Namami Gange initiative has gained international acclaim, being recognized by the United Nations as one of the top 10 World Restoration Flagships aimed at restoring natural environments. The award was presented at the 15th Conference of Parties (COP15) to the Convention on Biodiversity (CBD) held in Montreal, Canada, on December 14, 2022, which coincided with World Restoration Day.

Parliamentary Reporting: This information was provided by the Minister of State for Jal Shakti, Shri Raj Bhushan Choudhary, in a written response to questions in the Lok Sabha.

Important Points:

• Namami Gange Programme launched in 2014-15; extended to March 2026.
• Total allocation for NGP until FY 2025-26 is ₹ 26,824.86 crore.
• 502 projects initiated; 323 completed.
• Varied water quality across states with classifications based on BOD levels.
• Significant reductions in BOD and effluent discharge from industries.
• Dolphin population increased significantly over the past decade.
• UN recognition of NGP as a leading restoration initiative.
• Information presented by the Minister of State for Jal Shakti in Lok Sabha.