On August 6, U.S. President Donald Trump declared that imports from India would incur an additional 25% tariff, compounding the existing 25%, thereby creating a total tariff of 50%. This measure positions India as the nation subjected to the highest tariffs from the U.S. in the ongoing trade landscape. The decision arises as a reaction to India's purchases of Russian energy, though experts deduce that the underlying motivation is to leverage negotiations for a more favorable trade agreement from India. Trump's characterization of India as a protectionist society is part of this narrative, where he claims that high trade barriers provide India a trade surplus against the U.S.

Key points from the announcement and its implications include:

• Background of Tariffs: The imposed tariffs by Trump arise from his intent to eliminate the U.S. trade deficit with India and enforce balanced trade relations. The U.S. trade deficit implies a higher import value from India than exports to it, and Trump views this as inequitable.

• Impact on Trade Relationships: The tariffs intend to make U.S. consumers think twice before purchasing Indian products, as they would see a 50% increase in prices. This, according to Trump’s logic, might encourage consumers to choose cheaper alternatives, ultimately reducing imports from India and narrowing the trade gap.

• Trade Deals and Negotiations: Trump aims to pressure India into negotiations that would lead to increased U.S. exports to India and acquisition of American goods by Indian entities. Such maneuvering ties into his vision of a balanced trade framework, where the absence of a trade deficit translates to what he perceives as equitable trading practices.

• International Context: Trump has historically imposed similar tariffs on several of the U.S.'s trade partners, indicating that his trade approach is not solely targeted at India but is part of a broader strategy affecting countries with trade deficits.

• Economic Consequences for India: Experts predict that the long-term implications of these tariffs could shrink India’s GDP by more than half a percentage point, affecting sectors such as textiles and food production more severely due to their labor-intensive nature.

• Domestic Reforms Call: The Indian government is being urged to focus on domestic reforms to improve manufacturing capabilities, logistical efficiencies, and overall ease of doing business. This also involves assessing and enhancing human resource development given that India boasts a youthful workforce yet struggles with skill gaps.

• Retaliatory Measures: Experts caution against retaliating with additional tariffs on U.S. imports, as this could further harm Indian consumers and could inadvertently exacerbate the trade deficit with the U.S.

• Conclusion: The presented scenario encapsulates a crucial juncture for India to negotiate effectively while simultaneously addressing its internal economic challenges. A call for comprehensive reforms in manufacturing, logistics, and educational policy is emphasized as necessary, alongside the urgent requirement to engage in ongoing dialogues with the U.S. to mitigate potential economic adversities.

In essence, while the immediate challenge posed by the tariffs is substantial, it serves as a signal for India to recalibrate its economic strategies and pursue innovative domestic reforms to foster a more resilient economic environment.

S&P Global Ratings has addressed concerns regarding the Indian government's proposal to reform the Goods and Services Tax (GST) structure, suggesting that the anticipated reduction in indirect tax rates may not adversely affect the country’s finances as widely feared.

Key Points from the Article:

• S&P’s Outlook: Following an upgrade of India’s sovereign rating from BBB- to BBB on August 14, S&P's director Yee Farn Phua discussed the potential benefits of a simplified GST with a two-slab rate system of 5% and 18%, complemented by a special 40% tax for certain sin and demerit goods. This proposal was announced by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in his Independence Day speech on August 15.

• Easing Complexity: Phua noted that the existing GST framework is Complex, comprising four different tax rates, which complicates accounting and implementation. The proposed two-rate system is expected to facilitate easier administration and fairer accounting, potentially leading to increased fiscal revenue in the long run despite a lower effective rate.

• Impact Prediction: S&P believes that GST reform would continue to be a major contributor to the government's fiscal revenue. They are monitoring these developments closely and do not expect these reforms to be a significant drag on fiscal revenues.

• Economic Projections: Morgan Stanley economists anticipate that while the fiscal positions of central and state governments might experience pressure due to reduced revenues, economic growth from increased consumption could help mitigate these losses. They predict the central government deficit for 2025-26 will be less than 0.1% of GDP, assuming no compensatory measures.

• Concerns from States: Reports indicate that various states have expressed worries about potential revenue losses from reduced GST rates, estimating that this could lead to a decrease of Rs 7,000-9,000 crore in annual collections for major states.

• Historical Context: An RBI study conducted in September 2019 revealed that the weighted average effective GST rate had dropped from 14.4% during its introduction in mid-2017 to 11.6% by mid-2019, largely due to tax base expansion and distortion removal.

• Debt and Fiscal Deficit: S&P forecasts the combined fiscal deficit of the central and state governments will be at 7.3% of GDP in 2025-26, potentially reducing to 6.6% by 2028-29. They expect India's net central and state debt to fall to 78% of GDP by fiscal year 2028-29, from 83% in 2024-25.

• Government's Debt Strategy: The Centre aims to decrease its debt-to-GDP ratio from 57.1% in 2024-25 to between 49% and 51% by 2030-31. In contrast, states do not have a specific debt target.

• Rating Agency Perspective: When questioned about the timing of the rating upgrade, Phua reaffirmed S&P’s commitment to a long-term evaluation of India’s economic performance, reflecting on cyclical growth patterns and fiscal fluctuations over the last 10-20 years.

Summary Conclusion:

The reforms to GST proposed by the Indian government appear to be aimed at simplifying tax administration and potentially enhancing fiscal revenues over the long term, despite immediate revenue concerns from state governments. Rating agencies such as S&P maintain a cautiously optimistic outlook on India's fiscal future, linking potential economic growth with positive fiscal outcomes.

Overall, while challenges remain, the anticipated changes in GST structure may lead to a more stable and efficient tax regime that could positively influence both consumption and government revenues in subsequent fiscal periods.

Summary of the Index of Eight Core Industries (ICI) - July 2025

The Index of Eight Core Industries (ICI) for July 2025 reported a provisional increase of 2.0% compared to July 2024. This index is a crucial economic indicator as it reflects the performance of key sectors including Coal, Crude Oil, Natural Gas, Refinery Products, Fertilizers, Steel, Cement, and Electricity. These eight industries are significant, as they account for 40.27% of the total weight in the Index of Industrial Production (IIP).

Key Highlights:

• Growth:
  • The final growth rate of the ICI for June 2025 was 2.2%.
  • Cumulative ICI growth for April to July 2025 stands at 1.6% against the same period in the previous year.

Sectoral Performance:

• Coal:
  • Production decreased by 12.3% in July 2025 compared to July 2024.
  • Cumulative decline of 3.1% from April to July 2025.
• Crude Oil:
  • A reduction of 1.3% in production in July 2025.
  • Cumulative decline of 1.7% during the same period.
• Natural Gas:
  • A decline of 3.2% in July 2025.
  • Cumulative decline of 2.6% in the same four months.
• Refinery Products:
  • A slight reduction of 1.0% in production.
  • Cumulatively down by 0.3% during the four-month comparison.
• Fertilizers:
  • Positive growth at 2.0% in July 2025, though the cumulative index declined by 2.2%.
• Steel:
  • Increased production by 12.8% in July 2025.
  • Cumulative increase of 8.5% in the same period.
• Cement:
  • Production rose by 11.7% in July 2025.
  • Cumulative growth of 8.9% from April to July 2025.
• Electricity:
  • A marginal increase of 0.5% in July 2025.
  • Cumulative generation fell by 1.0% in the four-month period.

Additional Information:

• The weightings for each sector in the ICI are as follows:

  • Coal: 10.33%
  • Crude Oil: 8.98%
  • Natural Gas: 6.88%
  • Refinery Products: 28.04%
  • Fertilizers: 2.63%
  • Steel: 17.92%
  • Cement: 5.37%
  • Electricity: 19.85%

• The report stipulates that data for June 2025 is finalized, while the July 2025 data is provisional and may be revised with updates from respective agencies.

Upcoming Updates:

• The release for the August 2025 ICI will take place on September 22, 2025.

This summary of the trends provides insight into the industrial performance of India and reflects on the economic indicators that contribute to policymaking and industrial planning. The sustained growth in Steel and Cement is particularly notable amidst declines in Coal and Crude Oil production.

Important Points:

• Overall ICI growth: 2.0% (July 2025 vs July 2024).
• Cumulative ICI growth: 1.6% (April-July 2025 vs April-July 2024).
• Coal production decline: 12.3% (July 2025).
• Steel production increase: 12.8% (July 2025).
• Next report release: September 22, 2025 for August ICI.

The Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE) is implementing the Skill India Mission (SIM) to enhance the skill sets of Indian youth, ensuring they are equipped for future job markets and are ready to meet industry demands. This initiative includes multiple training programs aimed at facilitating skill development through a range of schemes, including the Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY), Jan Shikshan Sansthan (JSS), National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme (NAPS), and Craftsman Training Scheme (CTS) across the country.

Key Initiatives Under Skill India Mission:

• Objective: To prepare the youth of India for future employment by providing skills relevant to new-age industries, including AI, Machine Learning (AI/ML), Robotics, and Green Technology.

• PMKVY: Over 200 future skills job roles have been introduced that align with Industry 4.0 requirements in key areas such as Electric Vehicles (EVs), Mechatronics, and Drone Technology.

• NAPS: It promotes apprenticeship training in new-age skills and facilitates engagement in various trades.

• DGT Initiatives: The Directorate General of Training (DGT) has introduced 31 specialized courses in emerging fields (e.g., Cyber Security, 5G Networks) within ITIs and National Skill Training Institutes (NSTIs).

• Industry Collaboration: DGT has partnered with renowned companies (IBM, CISCO, Amazon Web Services, Microsoft) to enhance industry linkages, thereby providing relevant skill training and resources.

• Indian Institute of Skills (IIS): Established in Ahmedabad and Mumbai under a Public-Private Partnership (PPP), these institutes focus on generating a workforce proficient in Industry 4.0 technologies.

• Skill India Digital Hub (SIDH): This platform acts as an integrated ecosystem for skilling, education, employment, and entrepreneurship by offering access to a variety of skill enhancement courses and employment opportunities.

Financing and Budgetary Allocations:

• No separate budget is allocated specifically for future skill programs. Funding under PMKVY, JSS, and NAPS has been structured as follows:
  • PMKVY: ₹11,429.21 crores (2015-16 to 30.06.2025)
  • NAPS: ₹1,924.17 crores (2018-19 to 30.06.2025)
  • JSS Scheme: ₹883.71 crores (2018-19 to 30.06.2025)

Regulatory Framework:

• National Council for Vocational Education and Training (NCVET): Established as a regulatory authority to set standards and regulations in Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET), NCVET recognizes awarding bodies that develop qualifications based on industry demand.

• Sector Skill Councils (SSCs): A total of 36 councils have been established to evaluate the skill development needs of various sectors and set competency standards.

Employment and Training Initiatives:

• Approved Qualifications: NCVET has approved 8,693 qualifications tailored to industry needs, of which 2,266 are active.

• Training Models: The DGT employs flexible MoUs and dual training systems to enhance students' training experiences by providing exposure to real industrial environments.

The minister's report illustrates the government's commitment to aligning education and training with industry requirements to elevate the employability of youth in India. This comprehensive skill development ecosystem under the Skill India Mission reflects a strategic approach to ensure that the workforce is prepared for future challenges posed by technological advancements and evolving market demands.

Important Points:

• Skill India Mission aims to equip youth with industry-relevant skills.
• PMKVY has introduced over 200 job roles aligned with Industry 4.0.
• Partnerships with tech companies enhance technical training offerings.
• Over ₹14,000 crores allocated for PMKVY, NAPS, and JSS schemes.
• NCVET regulates qualifications to meet industry demands.
• The establishment of Sector Skill Councils helps identify sector-specific skill needs.

Summary of EPFO Payroll Data for June 2025

The Employees' Provident Fund Organization (EPFO) has reported an unprecedented net addition of 21.89 lakh members during June 2025. This figure, marking the highest since payroll tracking began in April 2018, indicates significant growth in employment within the organized sector, reflecting a broader economic trend towards improved job opportunities and awareness of employee benefits.

Key Highlights:

• Net Payroll Additions:

  • June 2025 witnessed a net addition of 21.89 lakh members, exhibiting a month-on-month increase of 9.14% and a year-on-year growth of 13.46% compared to June 2024.

• New Subscribers:

  • Approximately 10.62 lakh new members joined EPFO in June 2025, corresponding to a 12.68% increase over May 2025.
  • Relative to June 2024, this figure reflects a growth of 3.61%.

• Demographics of New Members:

  • The 18-25 age group accounted for a substantial 60.22% of new subscribers, with 6.39 lakh members added in June 2025.
  • Yearly net payroll addition figures for this age group increased to 9.72 lakh, with a month-on-month growth of 11.41%.

• Rejoined Members:

  • Around 16.93 lakh former members rejoined EPFO, signifying a 5.09% increase from May 2025 and a 19.65% rise compared to June 2024.

• Female Membership Growth:

  • Notably, 3.02 lakh new female subscribers were enrolled, up 14.92% from May 2025, demonstrating a trend towards a more inclusive workforce and resulting in a total of 4.72 lakh female members added in the month.

• Geographical Analysis:

  • The top five states (Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, and Haryana, among others) represented 61.51% of total net payroll additions.
  • Maharashtra alone contributed 20.03% of the net payroll additions.

• Industry Trends:

  • The payroll data indicates a significant contribution from sectors like expert services, commercial establishments, and construction, with manpower suppliers making up a majority within the expert services category.

Additional Information:

• The payroll data process and its updates involve proactive adjustments, such as the filing of Employee Contribution Reports (ECRs), ensuring the accuracy of recorded employment figures.
• EPFO's monthly reports since April 2018 encompass data from September 2017, reflecting real-time trends in member enrollment and exits.

Conclusion:

The EPFO payroll data for June 2025 suggests robust trends in employment growth, particularly among younger demographics and female workers, showcasing effective outreach efforts by the EPFO. The continual updates and refinements to the data ensure a clearer picture of labor market dynamics in India.

Important Sentences in Bullet Points:

• EPFO recorded an all-time high net addition of 21.89 lakh members in June 2025.
• New member enrollments surged to 10.62 lakh, up 12.68% compared to May 2025.
• The 18-25 age group constitutes about 60.22% of new subscribers.
• 16.93 lakh former members rejoined EPFO in June 2025.
• Female membership increased by 14.92%, with 3.02 lakh new female subscribers.
• Maharashtra contributed 20.03% of the total net payroll additions.
• Significant growth observed in industries such as expert services and construction.

Summary of "Coordination for Sustainability and Circular Economy in Cooperative Dairy Sector"

The dairy sector in India presents a significant economic contributor, accounting for approximately 3.5% of the national economy, as per the National Accounts Statistics. As of the 2023-24 fiscal year, India's total milk production reached 239.3 million metric tonnes (MMT), which constitutes 25% of the global milk production market. A substantial portion of this output, about 88 MMT (37%), is consumed at the producer level, resulting in a marketable surplus of 150 MMT. However, a concerning disparity exists, where only 32% of the surplus (47 MMT) is processed by the organized sector, while the unorganized sector accounts for the remaining 68% (102 MMT). Within the organized section, cooperative dairies account for 56% (26 MMT) of total milk handling.

Key Issues in the Sector:

• Challenges of Unorganized Sector: The unorganized sector faces issues such as:
  • Adulteration: Risk of compromised milk quality.
  • Exploitation of Farmers: Farmers face unfair market practices.
  • Lack of Value Addition: Minimal processing and limited market access hinder profitability.

Government Initiative: White Revolution 2.0

In response to these challenges, the Ministry of Cooperation has initiated White Revolution 2.0, designed to enhance the cooperative dairy model by:

• Expanding cooperative coverage with the establishment of 75,000 new Dairy Cooperative Societies.
• Strengthening the operational capacity of 46,422 existing Dairy Cooperative Societies.
• Promoting sustainability through the formation of three Multi-State Cooperative Societies (MSCS), tasked with:
  • Supplying cattle feed and technical inputs.
  • Fostering organic manure production and sustainable agricultural practices by utilizing cow dung and agricultural waste for fertilizers and biogas.
  • Managing by-products such as hides and bones from fallen animals.

Implementation Timeline

• The White Revolution 2.0 initiative will span five years, from 2024-25 to 2028-29. The goal is to ensure that milk procurement through dairy cooperatives reaches 1007 lakh kg per day by the end of this period.
• A Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) was launched on September 19, 2024, with the formal launch occurring on December 25, 2024, outlining roles, targets, and timelines for stakeholders.

Collaborative Framework

• The initiative emphasizes a "Whole of the Government approach" to facilitate coordinated efforts across ministries.
• Collaboration between the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) and the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) is central to developing sustainable, climate-resilient frameworks that leverage NDDB’s technical knowledge alongside NABARD’s financial strength.
• This collaboration aims to establish green financing models for infrastructure, enhance value chains, and improve market access for a more inclusive and integrated dairy ecosystem.

Goals

The overarching objectives of this cooperative-led initiative include:

• Enhancing Income for Dairy Farmers: By supporting improved practices and capabilities.
• Improving Milk Quality: Enhancing safety and reliability in the supply chain.
• Rural Employment Generation: Creating jobs through cooperative growth.
• Sustainable Growth Model: Fostering a self-reliant and inclusive dairy ecosystem with ecological considerations.

Conclusion

The launch of White Revolution 2.0 signifies a strategic move to address existing inefficiencies in India's dairy sector, safeguard the interests of farmers, and promote sustainable practices. The comprehensive plan, structured through cooperative efforts, sets ambitious targets that align with the nation’s broader sustainability goals.

Important Points:

• Dairy sector contributes 3.5% to India’s economy, with 239.3 MMT produced in 2023-24.
• Only 32% of milk surplus is handled by the organized sector; cooperatives handle 56% of that.
• Launch of White Revolution 2.0 aims to address unorganized sector challenges.
• Target to reach 1007 lakh kg per day of milk procurement by 2028-29.
• SOP launched in September 2024, formalized in December 2024.
• Aims to generate employment and enhance women's empowerment.
• Strategic collaboration between NDDB and NABARD for sustainable growth.

Comprehensive Summary of Cabinet Approval for the Construction of 6-Lane Access-Controlled Capital Region Ring Road in Odisha

On October 25, 2023, the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) led by Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi approved the construction of a 6-Lane Access-Controlled Capital Region Ring Road, also referred to as the Bhubaneswar Bypass. This highway will span approximately 110.875 km and will be developed in Odisha using the Hybrid Annuity Mode (HAM) at a total capital cost of Rs. 8307.74 crore.

Key Details of the Project:

• Objective: To alleviate significant congestion currently experienced on existing routes between Rameshwar to Tangi, which pass through highly urbanized areas, including Khordha, Bhubaneswar, and Cuttack.
• Project Type: 6-Lane Access-Controlled Greenfield Highway aimed at enhancing connectivity and reducing traffic congestion.
• Significance: This project is expected to divert heavy commercial traffic away from key urban centers, improving freight movement efficiency, reducing logistics costs, and facilitating socio-economic growth across Odisha and neighboring eastern states.

Connectivity Enhancements:

• The project will integrate with three major National Highways: NH-55, NH-57, and NH-655, in addition to one State Highway (SH-65).
• The proposed corridor will incorporate links to significant economic, social, and logistics nodes including:
  • Economic Nodes: Special Economic Zones (SEZs), Mega Food Park, Textile and Pharma Clusters, Fishing Cluster.
  • Social Nodes: Areas considered as Aspirational Districts, Tribal Districts, and Left-Wing Extremism (LWE) affected districts.
  • Transport Nodes: Key infrastructures such as Bhubaneswar Airport, major railway stations in Khordha, and ports in Puri & Astrang. Connection to a proposed Multi-Modal Logistics Park (MMLP) will also be part of this development.

Economic and Employment Impact:

• The implementation of this project is anticipated to create approximately 74.43 lakh man-days of direct employment and 93.04 lakh man-days of indirect employment.
• It plays a pivotal role in regional economic growth, enhancing accessibility to major religious and economic centers and providing new opportunities for trade and industrial initiatives.

Additional Information:

• The project is poised to streamline the movement of goods and passenger traffic across the state, supported by an anticipated Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) of 28,282 Passenger Car Units (PCU) by fiscal year 2025.
• By effectively managing the multidimensional integration of road transport, economic development nodes, and logistic facilities, the project underscores a commitment to substantial infrastructural investment in Odisha.

Summary Points:

• Project Approval: CCEA approved the 6-Lane Greenfield Capital Region Ring Road on October 25, 2023.
• Total Cost: Estimated at Rs. 8307.74 crore.
• Length: 110.875 km, linking Rameshwar to Tangi.
• Aim: To reduce congestion and improve freight movement, enhancing socio-economic growth.
• Interconnectivity: Integrates with NH-55, NH-57, NH-655, and SH-65 while connecting multimodal logistics, major railways, and airports.
• Employment Generation: Expected to yield 74.43 lakh direct and 93.04 lakh indirect employment opportunities.
• Traffic Forecast: Estimated AADT of 28,282 PCUs by FY 2025.

The project reflects a significant investment in Odisha’s infrastructure, aiming to bolster economic activities and improve quality of life through reduced traffic congestion and enhanced connectivity.

Summary of the Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF) Scheme Evaluation

The Government of India has conducted a mid-term evaluation of the Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF) scheme, which aims to strengthen infrastructure related to agriculture and enhance farmers’ incomes. The assessment was performed by the Agro Economic Research Centre (AERC) in Pune, with the findings released in December 2023.

Key Findings from the Evaluation:

• Positive Impact on Farmers:
  • The evaluation highlighted increased farmers' income, enhanced agricultural storage capacity, and growth in post-harvest and value addition infrastructure.
  • The scheme has generated employment and fostered agricultural entrepreneurship.

Specific Outcomes:

• Subsidy and Loan Utilization:

  • 31% of the AIF units benefited from government subsidies through convergence under the AIF.
  • Approximately 85% of units started due to the availability of AIF loans, covering about 40% of their project costs.
  • Roughly 70% of units utilized loans to create new agricultural infrastructure.

• Employment Generation:

  • Employment generated by AIF unit activities peaks during the agricultural season.
  • On average, 11 personnel are employed per unit at peak times, which varies by state:
    • Rajasthan: 27 employees per unit (highest)
    • Maharashtra: 5 employees per unit (lowest)
  • Agro-processing units exhibited higher employment numbers.

• Capacity Building:

  • Total capacity created by sample units includes:
    • 879 thousand Metric Tons (MT) for warehouses, cold storage, and silos.
    • 2,900 thousand square feet utilized by these facilities.

• Beneficiary Sentiment:

  • A considerable 54% of respondents acknowledged an increase in farmers' income due to the AIF, with many citing that this increase was significant and satisfactory.
  • Overall, 54% of respondents felt that farmers have benefitted from AIF facilities.

Financial Overview:

• As of June 30, 2025, the AIF has sanctioned ₹66,310 Crores for 1,13,419 projects, mobilizing a total investment of ₹107,502 Crores in the agriculture sector.

Major Projects Sanctioned Under AIF:

• Types of Projects:
  • 30,202 custom hiring centers
  • 22,827 processing units
  • 15,982 warehouses
  • 3,703 sorting and grading units
  • 2,454 cold storage projects
  • 38,251 other post-harvest management projects

Conclusion:

The mid-term evaluation of the AIF scheme indicates substantial progress in enhancing agricultural infrastructure and improving the livelihoods of farmers in India. The government aims to continue this momentum, focusing on effective utilization of funds and infrastructure development to strengthen the agricultural sector.

Important Points:

• Mid-term evaluation conducted by AERC in December 2023.
• AIF showed positive impacts on farmers’ income and agricultural infrastructure.
• 31% of AIF units benefited from government subsidies.
• 85% of units commenced operations due to AIF loans, covering about 40% of project costs.
• Employment generated higher in peak seasons, with notable state-level variations.
• Total capacity created equals 879 thousand MT across various warehouse and storage facilities.
• ₹66,310 Crores sanctioned for 1,13,419 projects as of June 30, 2025.
• Investment mobilized in the agriculture sector totals ₹107,502 Crores.
• Over 30,000 custom hiring centers and significant numbers of processing units and warehouses supported under AIF.

Summary of the National Sickle Cell Anemia Elimination Mission (NSCAEM)

The National Sickle Cell Anemia Elimination Mission (NSCAEM) is a government initiative aimed at combating Sickle Cell Disease (SCD), particularly in tribal-dominated areas of India. Here's a comprehensive update on the mission as of July 2025:

• Screening and Testing:

  • The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) has validated 30 Point of Care Tests (PoCT) and 5 Non-Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) assays for the nationwide screening of SCD.
  • Over 6.07 crore screenings have been conducted in 17 tribal-dominated states as of July 31, 2025.
  • A standardized cost norm of ₹100 per screening has been established, which covers screening, record-keeping, and ancillary costs.

• Healthcare Infrastructure:

  • The initiative encompasses screenings at all health facilities, ranging from District Hospitals to Ayushman Arogya Mandir (AAM) levels across the country.
  • 15 Centres of Excellence (CoE) have been approved in 14 states, funded by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs.

• Patient Care and Support Services:

  • Patients with SCD receive enhanced quality of life through services facilitated by AAM, Sub Health Centres (SHC), and Primary Health Centres (PHCs). These services include:
    • Frequent follow-up for patients.
    • Counseling regarding lifestyle management and pre-marriage or pre-natal decisions.
    • Nutritional support via folic acid tablets.
    • Yoga and wellness sessions.
    • Management of crisis symptoms and referrals to higher-level facilities.

• Awareness and Counseling Initiatives:

  • The Ministry of Tribal Affairs has created and distributed awareness and counseling materials to states and Union Territories (UTs).
  • Monthly Ayushman Arogya Shivirs are conducted to raise awareness about various health programs, including SCD.

• Institutional Support:

  • The ICMR has set up the ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tribal Health (NIRTH) in Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, and a Centre for Research Management and Control of Hemoglobinopathies in Chandrapur, Maharashtra, to support national healthcare initiatives related to SCD.

• Government Oversight:

  • Detailed protocols and cost norms for establishing Centres of Excellence have been issued by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.

This comprehensive framework is demonstrative of the government's commitment to eliminate Sickle Cell Anemia and provide sustainable healthcare solutions to affected populations, particularly within tribal communities.

Key Points:

• NSCAEM aims to eliminate Sickle Cell Disease, focusing on tribal areas.
• Validation of 30 Point of Care Tests and 5 Non-Rapid Diagnostic Tests by ICMR.
• Over 6 crore screenings completed; cost norm set at ₹100 per screening.
• 15 Centres of Excellence established across 14 states.
• Services include follow-ups, counseling, nutritional support, and management of symptoms.
• Awareness programs facilitated through Ayushman Arogya Shivirs.
• ICMR's support through dedicated research institutes.

The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (Mahatma Gandhi NREGS) is a significant initiative launched by the Government of India that aims to provide no less than 100 days of wage employment in a financial year to every rural household whose adult members are willing to do unskilled manual work. The scheme focuses on creating durable and quality productive assets, particularly in rural infrastructure and natural resource management.

Key Features of Mahatma Gandhi NREGS:

• Objective: To offer at least 100 days of employment to eligible rural households annually for unskilled manual work.
• Categories of Work:
  • Rural Infrastructure: Ensuring all-weather road connectivity to unconnected villages and construction of internal roads, side drains, and culverts.
  • Natural Resource Management: Building structures for water conservation and harvesting to improve groundwater levels.

Schemes in Convergence:

• The Mahatma Gandhi NREGS works in conjunction with the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) to enhance rural connectivity.
• It directly supports the Jal Jeevan Mission by focusing on local water conservation and harvesting needs of communities.

Financial Overview and Asset Creation (FY 2023-24):

A detailed breakdown of the activities carried out under Mahatma Gandhi NREGS during the financial year 2023-24 encompasses rural connectivity and water conservation tasks across various states.

Summary of State-wise Achievements:

• Total Rural Connectivity Works Completed: 3,49,936
  • Total Expenditure on Connectivity: ₹15,48,244 million
  • Person-days Generated: 27,24,87,666
• Total Water Conservation and Harvesting Works Completed: 5,39,369
  • Total Expenditure on Water Works: ₹24,69,228.36 million
  • Person-days Generated: 89,47,05,772

Notable State Contributions:

1. Andhra Pradesh:

   • Connectivity Works: 17,384
   • Expenditure: ₹74,506.50 lakh; Person days: 51,46,776.
   • Water Conservation Works: 20,934; Expenditure: ₹49,134.92 lakh; Person days: 1,97,07,155.

2. Bihar:

   • Connectivity Works: 40,935
   • Expenditure: ₹1,53,580.18 lakh; Person days: 2,81,81,093.
   • Water Conservation Works: 33,561; Expenditure: ₹69,275.06 lakh; Person days: 2,59,04,610.

3. Madhya Pradesh:

   • Connectivity Works: 26,700
   • Expenditure: ₹70,264.44 lakh; Person days: 1,57,13,542.
   • Water Conservation Works: 77,346; Expenditure: ₹3,03,078 lakh; Person days: 8,98,19,040.

4. Uttar Pradesh:

   • Connectivity Works: 67,147
   • Expenditure: ₹1,87,722.48 lakh; Person days: 1,20,36,910.
   • Water Conservation Works: 36,568; Expenditure: ₹1,42,328.73 lakh; Person days: 5,54,41,532.

Legislative Reference:

This information was presented by Kamlesh Paswan, Minister of State for Rural Development, in the Lok Sabha, indicating the government’s commitment to enhancing employment opportunities and improving rural infrastructure through targeted schemes like Mahatma Gandhi NREGS.

Conclusion:

The Mahatma Gandhi NREGS serves as a crucial framework for promoting rural employment while creating sustainable assets. The convergence with initiatives such as PMGSY and Jal Jeevan Mission highlights the government's integrated approach to rural development. The data from FY 2023-24 showcases the extensive efforts made across states to enhance rural connectivity and resource management, reflecting a significant overall impact in rural employment generation and infrastructure improvement.

Important Points:

• Mahatma Gandhi NREGS guarantees 100 days of employment for rural households.
• Focus on rural infrastructure and water conservation.
• Convergence with PMGSY and Jal Jeevan Mission.
• Substantial state contributions with extensive expenditures, indicating strong engagement.
• Significant person-days generated from works completed under the scheme.

Summary of the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) Status

The Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) is a government initiative aimed at enhancing rural infrastructure through improved road connectivity. Launched in December 2000, this scheme provides all-weather road access to unconnected rural habitations to bolster socio-economic development.

Key Components and Extensions of PMGSY:

1. PMGSY-II: Introduced in 2013 for upgrading existing rural roads to improve infrastructure.
2. Road Connectivity Project for Left Wing Extremism Affected Areas (RCPLWEA): Initiated in 2016 to improve connectivity in 44 districts severely affected by Left Wing Extremism across 9 States (Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh). This initiative aims to aid security operations and local development.
3. PMGSY-III: Launched in 2019 to upgrade 1.25 lakh km of rural roads linking essential facilities like Gramin Agricultural Markets (GrAMs), high schools, and hospitals.

Progress and Data:

• As of August 13, 2025, the PMGSY has sanctioned the construction of 838,592 km of roads, with 783,795 km completed.
• Project timelines for completion are set for March 31, 2026 for ongoing projects, with some earlier deadlines for other works in March 2025.
• On September 11, 2024, Phase-IV of PMGSY was approved, targeting connectivity for 25,000 unconnected habitations due to population increases, with a proposed construction of 62,500 km of roads at a cost of ₹70,125 crore for the period 2024-2029.

Road Construction Progress (2018-2025):

• PMGSY-I saw varying lengths of road being constructed each fiscal year, totaling 36,673 km in 2020-2021 and peaking in 2021-2022 with 42,004 km.
• PMGSY-II, RCPLWEA, and PMGSY-III have also contributed significantly to construction figures.

Socio-Economic Impact:

• A total of 696,000 facilities in rural areas have been connected so far through PMGSY-III, which includes:

  • 138,000 Gramin Agricultural Markets
  • 146,000 Educational Centres
  • 82,000 Medical Centres
  • 328,000 transport and other facilities.

• An evaluation conducted in 2020 by the Development Monitoring and Evaluation Office (DMEO) of NITI Aayog highlighted the following:

  • PMGSY is aligned with India’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly addressing poverty and infrastructure (SDGs 2 & 9).
  • Positive impacts were documented concerning market access, livelihood opportunities, and improved health and education access.
  • The program has been instrumental in reducing poverty and enhancing the living standards of rural populations through better connectivity.

Official Communication:

• This information was presented by Shri Kamlesh Paswan, the Minister of State for Rural Development, during a written reply in the Lok Sabha.

Important Points:

• PMGSY aims for all-weather road connectivity in rural areas since 2000.
• Major verticals include PMGSY-I (2000), PMGSY-II (2013), RCPLWEA (2016), and PMGSY-III (2019).
• Comprehensive targets include a new phase (Phase-IV) starting in 2024 and anticipated completion timelines by 2026.
• Substantial socio-economic transformations have been reported with significant facility connectivity.
• Government evaluation aligns PMGSY with national goals and global SDGs, confirming its long-term impact on poverty reduction.

The Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana- Gramin (PMAY-G) is a pivotal government initiative aimed at achieving the goal of "Housing for All" in rural India, implemented by the Ministry of Rural Development since April 1, 2016. The program is designed to provide financial assistance for constructing pucca houses equipped with basic amenities, with a target to build a total of 4.95 crore houses by the year 2029.

Key Highlights of PMAY-G

• Implementation Dates: The scheme commenced on April 1, 2016, with a long-term objective set for the year 2029.
• Construction Targets: Aiming to construct 4.95 crore pucca houses, with the Union Cabinet recently approving an additional 2 crore rural houses to be built from FY 2024-25 to 2028-29.
• Progress: As of August 13, 2025:
  • 4.12 crore houses have been allocated to States/Union Territories (UTs).
  • 3.85 crore houses have been sanctioned.
  • 2.83 crore houses have been completed.

Economic Impact

• Employment Generation: The scheme has not only facilitated housing but also generated substantial employment:

  • 201 person-days of employment per house built, comprising:
    • 56 skilled
    • 34 semi-skilled
    • 111 unskilled
  • Over the last nine years, approximately 568 crore person-days of employment have been created through the construction of 2.829 crore houses under PMAY-G.

• Training Initiatives: A robust training component includes the Rural Mason Training program, which has successfully trained 2.97 lakh candidates, providing opportunities for skilled workers, some of whom have found employment abroad.

Convergence with Other Programs

• PMAY-G collaborates with various government initiatives to enhance living conditions for beneficiaries, which encompasses services like:
  • Piped drinking water supply
  • Electricity connections
  • LPG gas connections
  • Solar lanterns
  • Cleaner cooking energy solutions

This convergence not only improves housing but also enhances the overall quality of life in rural areas.

Financial Assistance

• The financial support provided to beneficiaries under the PMAY-G follows the approval of the Union Cabinet.
• Currently, there are no proposals under consideration by the Ministry to increase the unit financial assistance.

Additional Details

• The construction of houses facilitates indirect employment through the production and transportation of building materials, reinforcing the economic ecosystem surrounding housing development.
• The Minister of State for Rural Development, Dr. Chandra Sekhar Pemmasani, provided this comprehensive information in a written response to the Lok Sabha.

Summary of Key Points

• Housing Initiative: PMAY-G is crucial for rural housing, targeting 4.95 crore houses by 2029.
• Current Progress: As of August 2025, substantial allocation and completion of houses are reported.
• Job Creation: The scheme has generated significant employment, totaling around 568 crore person-days.
• Training Programs: Nearly 3 lakh candidates trained, with opportunities for work outside India.
• Combined Benefits: Alignment with other government schemes enhances benefits for beneficiaries.
• Financial Assistance: Current support remains unchanged as per Union Cabinet guidelines.

This summary encapsulates the essential details of the PMAY-G program, reflecting its objectives, progress, economic implications, and integration with existing governmental frameworks.

The news article provides comprehensive information about the Minimum Support Prices (MSPs) set by the Indian government for various crops and outlines multiple, significant agricultural support schemes aimed at enhancing financial stability for farmers. Below is a detailed summary:

Summary:

• Minimum Support Prices (MSPs):

  • The Government of India establishes MSPs annually for 22 mandatory agricultural crops, influenced by recommendations from the Commission for Agricultural Costs & Prices (CACP).
  • Consultations involve State Governments and relevant Central Ministries/Departments.
  • Presently, the government has implemented a digital payment system for MSP procurement.

• Current Support to Farmers:

  • No loan waiver scheme exists under the agriculture department.
  • Financial support is provided through several programs: MSP, PM Kisan, Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY), Modified Interest Subvention Scheme (MISS), and the Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF).

• MSP Procurement 2024-25:

  • The procurement from July 2024 to June 2025:
    • Procurement Amount: 1,175 Lakh Metric Tonnes (LMT).
    • MSP Paid to Farmers: ₹3.33 lakh crores.
    • Number of Farmers Benefitted: Approximately 1.84 crore.

• Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN):

  • Launched in February 2019, this scheme aims to support financial needs of land-holding farmers with an annual benefit of ₹6,000, dispensed in three installments through Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT).
  • More than ₹3.69 lakh crore has been disbursed across 19 installments since inception to ensure transparency in beneficiary registration.

• Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY):

  • Initiated in the Kharif 2016 season, this scheme offers financial assistance to farmers facing crop losses due to natural calamities and weather adversities, thereby stabilizing their income.
  • Farmers contributed premiums amounting to ₹35,753 crores and received claims totaling ₹1.83 lakh crores by June 30, 2025, indicating a return of approximately five times the premiums paid.

• Modified Interest Subvention Scheme (MISS):

  • This 100% centrally funded scheme provides concessional interest rates on short-term agricultural loans via Kisan Credit Cards (KCC).
  • Disbursement Details (Last Five Years):
    • 2020-21: ₹17,789.72 crores
    • 2021-22: ₹21,476.93 crores
    • 2022-23: ₹17,997.88 crores
    • 2023-24: ₹14,251.92 crores
    • 2024-25: ₹17,811.72 crores.

• Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF):

  • Launched in 2020 under the Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative to foster debt financing for investments in post-harvest management and community farming assets.
  • A total of ₹1 lakh crore is designated for loans at a capped interest rate of 9%.
  • As of June 30, 2025, ₹66,310 crores have been approved for 1,13,419 projects, generating an investment of ₹1,07,502 crores.
  • Significant projects include:
    • 30,202 custom hiring centers,
    • 22,827 processing units,
    • 15,982 warehouses,
    • 3,703 sorting and grading units,
    • 2,454 cold storage projects, among others.

Important Points:

• MSPs for 22 crops are determined annually with digital payment systems in place.
• Financial assistance is provided through various initiatives, with a focus on securing farmers' livelihoods.
• PM-KISAN has disbursed over ₹3.69 lakh crore since its launch.
• PMFBY has yielded a return of roughly five times on premiums paid by farmers.
• MISS provides farmers with subsidized interest rates for loans, with increasing allocations over recent years.
• AIF has mobilized substantial investments aimed at improving agricultural infrastructure and efficiency.

This information was provided by the Minister of State for Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Shri Ramnath Thakur, in a written response to the Lok Sabha.

Summary of Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY) Initiatives for Women

The Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY), managed by the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying, aims to foster inclusive growth and development in the fisheries sector in India, particularly focusing on women beneficiaries.

Key Features:

• Financial Assistance:

  • Women beneficiaries are eligible for 60% financial assistance of the unit cost under various beneficiary-oriented activities.
  • Under the Entrepreneur Model of PMMSY, women can receive assistance up to 60% of the total project cost, capped at Rs. 1.50 crore per project.

• Activities Supported:

  • The scheme encourages participation in various fisheries-related activities such as:
    • Fish farming
    • Hatchery operations
    • Seaweed farming
    • Bivalve cultivation
    • Ornamental fisheries
    • Fish processing and marketing

• Training and Capacity Building:

  • Various training programs have been implemented to empower women, including entrepreneurship, skill development, and livelihood generation.

• Statistical Overview:

  • From 2020-21 to 2024-25, a total of Rs. 4061.96 crore worth of fisheries development proposals has been sanctioned, with the Government's contribution at Rs. 1534.46 crore, benefitting 99,018 women across States and Union Territories (UTs).

Initiative by Maharashtra Government:

• The Government of Maharashtra has reported significant initiatives to promote women's participation, including:

  • Awareness programs (workshops, exhibitions, etc.)
  • Public campaigns to disseminate information about PMMSY.
  • Training programs conducted at the district level, totaling 112 programs, which include 17 programs aimed at women in Palghar District.

• From FY 2020-21 to FY 2024-25, the Maharashtra government sanctioned Rs. 401.25 crore for women's participation, releasing Rs. 271.87 crore to 2,119 women beneficiaries.

Detailed State-wise Beneficiaries:

Below is a summary of beneficiaries based on the fisheries development proposals across various states (amount in lakhs):

• Andaman & Nicobar Islands: 281 beneficiaries, Total Project Cost: 1542.2, Central Share: 925.32
• Andhra Pradesh: 715 beneficiaries, Total Project Cost: 4367.5, Central Share: 1572.3
• Assam: 2799 beneficiaries, Total Project Cost: 13883.88, Central Share: 7497.3
• Gujarat: 5812 beneficiaries, Total Project Cost: 15109.76, Central Share: 5439.51
• Madhya Pradesh: 3384 beneficiaries, Total Project Cost: 28343.55, Central Share: 10046.19
• Maharashtra: 13804 beneficiaries, Total Project Cost: 70844.57, Central Share: 25378.04
• Uttar Pradesh: 10633 beneficiaries, Total Project Cost: 59262.83, Central Share: 21451.27
• Total for all States/UTs: 99,018 beneficiaries, Total Project Cost: 406196.53, Central Share: 153446.04

The information detailing this initiative was provided by Shri George Kurian, Union Minister of State for Fisheries, Animal Husbandry, and Dairying, in a written reply during the Lok Sabha session on 19th August 2025.

Important Points:

• PMMSY focuses on women's empowerment in the fisheries sector with significant financial assistance.
• The program has sanctioned over Rs. 4,061 crore benefiting over 99,000 women.
• Maharashtra has been proactive in promoting these initiatives with specific training and outreach programs.
• A detailed state-wise summary highlights significant participation across various states.
• The comprehensive nature of PMMSY reflects India's commitment to inclusive development in fisheries.

Summary of Indigenous Production of Lithium Batteries in India

In May 2021, the Government of India launched the Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme for Advanced Chemistry Cell (ACC) Battery Storage, part of a broader strategy to boost domestic manufacturing capabilities in the lithium battery sector. The program is designed with a total financial allocation of Rs. 18,100 Crore to support the production capacity of 50 GWh over a period of five years, which includes a gestation period of two years.

Key Aspects of the PLI ACC Scheme:

• Objective: The primary aim of the ACC scheme is to foster domestic production of lithium batteries, thereby decreasing dependency on foreign imports and driving down manufacturing costs.

• Production Capacity:

  • Out of the overall 50 GWh capacity planned, 40 GWh has already been allocated to four beneficiary companies through two rounds of selection.
  • The ACC capacity awarded is versatile and can support various applications such as electric vehicles, stationary energy storage systems, consumer electronics, railways, defense, and more.

• Specific Allocation:

  • Of the total capacity, 10 GWh is specifically dedicated to Grid Scale Stationary Storage (GSSS) applications, signifying a strategic move towards enhancing the infrastructure for energy storage in the country.

• Government Statement: This information was disclosed in a written reply by the Minister of State for Heavy Industries & Steel, Shri Bhupathiraju Srinivasa Varma, during a session in the Lok Sabha.

Expected Outcomes:

• Domestic Manufacturing: By fortifying the domestic supply chain for lithium batteries, the scheme is expected to create jobs, stimulate economic growth, and establish India as a prominent player in the global battery manufacturing sector.

• Green and Renewable Energy: The initiative aligns with India's broader goals of transitioning to renewable energy sources, supporting electric mobility, and enhancing energy security.

• Economic Indicators: The investment in battery technology is anticipated to positively influence India's GDP through advancing the manufacturing sector and inviting foreign investments in associated technologies.

Overall, the PLI ACC scheme represents a significant governmental step towards establishing a sustainable and self-reliant battery manufacturing ecosystem in India.

Important Points:

• In May 2021, India launched the PLI ACC scheme with an allocation of Rs. 18,100 Crore.
• The scheme aims to enhance domestic battery production, thereby reducing reliance on imports.
• A total of 50 GWh capacity has been planned for a span of five years, including a gestation period of two years.
• 40 GWh of this capacity has already been awarded to four beneficiary firms.
• The produced batteries will be applicable across various sectors such as electric vehicles, defense, and stationary energy storage.
• 10 GWh is specifically reserved for Grid Scale Stationary Storage solutions.
• The initiative is expected to stimulate job creation and economic growth, while aligning with renewable energy goals.

Summary of the PM-DAKSH Scheme and Related Initiatives

The Pradhan Mantri – Dakshta Aur Kushalta Sampann Hitgrahi (PM-DAKSH) Scheme, launched by the Department of Social Justice and Empowerment in the financial year 2020-21, is a Central Sector Scheme designed to enhance skill training for marginalized communities, specifically Scheduled Castes (SCs), Other Backward Classes (OBCs), Economically Weaker Sections (EWSs), De-notified Tribes (DNTs), and Safai Karamcharis, including waste pickers, through empaneled training institutes.

Key Points:

• Launch Year and Purpose:

  • Initiated in FY 2020-21, aimed at skill development for underprivileged communities in India.

• Target Groups:

  • SCs, OBCs, EWSs, DNTs, Safai Karamcharis, waste pickers.

• Sub-scheme for Transgender Welfare:

  • A component of the SMILE scheme provides skill development to transgender individuals. So far, skill development training has been provided to 1,631 transgender persons through various Sectoral Skill Councils, although no training for Sewer & Septic Tank Workers has commenced under the National Action for Mechanised Sanitation Ecosystem (NAMASTE).

• Financial Support and Entrepreneurship Initiatives:

  • Three corporations—National Scheduled Castes Finance & Development Corporation (NSFDC), National Backward Classes Finance & Development Corporation (NBCFDC), and National Safai Karamcharis Finance & Development Corporation (NSKFDC)—offer loan facilities to eligible youths from the target groups for setting up businesses post-training.

• Employment Outcomes:

  • As of the latest data, 73,150 candidates have gained wage or self-employment after completing training under the PM-DAKSH scheme.

• Entrepreneurship Development for Transgender Persons:

  • The National Institute for Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development (NIESBUD) has been assigned the task to train 1,800 transgender individuals in a 15-day Entrepreneurship Development Programme.

• Scheme Evaluation:

  • The evaluation of these schemes is integral to the guidelines set forth for the PM-DAKSH Scheme.

State-wise Trainee Data under PM-DAKSH Scheme

The following are the statistics for skill training conducted under the PM-DAKSH Scheme from the financial year 2020-21 to 2023-24, illustrating state-wise trainee numbers:

• Total Trainees:

  • 2020-21: 32,097
  • 2021-22: 42,002
  • 2022-23: 33,021
  • 2023-24: 80,185

• Highest Trainees in Specific States:

  • Uttar Pradesh: 21,304 (2023-24)
  • Madhya Pradesh: 17,192 (2023-24)
  • Maharashtra: 10,046 (2023-24)

• Other Notable Figures:

  • Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu have also reported substantial numbers of trainees over the years.

Conclusion

The PM-DAKSH Scheme represents a significant initiative by the Government of India aimed at improving the livelihoods of marginalized communities through skill development and vocational training. With an extensive state-wise distribution of trainees and various sub-schemes addressing specific community needs, the program not only facilitates employment opportunities but also contributes to the broader goals of social justice and economic empowerment.

Important Sentences:

• The PM-DAKSH Scheme commenced in FY 2020-21 to train marginalized communities.
• Skill training has reached 73,150 individuals under the scheme, promoting employment.
• The program includes a sub-scheme for the welfare of transgender persons, offering targeted training.
• Three corporations provide financial assistance for entrepreneurship and project development to the trained candidates.
• State-wise data shows varied levels of engagement, with Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh having the highest trainee counts.
• The evaluation of these schemes is integral to its operational guidelines.

Summary of Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF) Evaluation

The Indian Government has conducted a mid-term evaluation of the Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF) scheme through the Agro Economic Research Centre (AERC) in Pune, with the analysis completed in December 2023. The evaluation is part of ongoing efforts to assess and improve agricultural infrastructure aimed at enhancing farmers' livelihoods and productivity.

Key Outcomes of the Evaluation:

• Impact on Farmers’ Income: The AIF has positively influenced farmers' incomes by increasing agricultural storage capacity, improving post-harvest infrastructure, and promoting agricultural entrepreneurship. Approximately 54% of respondents noted a significant increase in farmers' incomes attributed to AIF facilities.

• Government Subsidies and Accessibility: Around 31% of AIF units received government subsidies, benefitting from the convergence of various government schemes. This accessibility has been crucial, with 85% of total AIF units indicating that the availability of AIF loans was a primary motivation for starting their operations.

• Financial Allocations: As of June 30, 2025, a total of ₹66,310 crores has been sanctioned for 113,419 projects under the AIF scheme, which has mobilized a cumulative investment of ₹107,502 crores in the agricultural sector.

• Employment Generation: The evaluation reported that employment generated from AIF unit activities was significantly higher during peak agricultural seasons, with an average employment rate of 11 persons per unit. The highest employment was reported in Rajasthan (27 persons/unit) and the lowest in Maharashtra (5 persons/unit). Agro-processing units exhibited higher employment rates compared to other units.

• Infrastructure Development: The evaluation highlighted significant infrastructure creation, including:

  • 30,202 custom hiring centres
  • 22,827 processing units
  • 15,982 warehouses
  • 3,703 sorting and grading units
  • 2,454 cold storage projects
  • 38,251 other post-harvest management projects

• Spatial Distribution: Most AIF units are located in rural areas, ensuring proximity to agricultural production regions which enhances their operational effectiveness and impacts local economies positively.

• Beneficiary Feedback: The overall response from the beneficiaries is positive, indicating satisfactory demand for the products/services provided by AIF units and showing that these entities are contributing to better income generation for farmers.

• Future Recommendations: The study suggests areas for further improvement to maximize efficiency and outreach, although detailed recommendations were not elaborately discussed in the summary provided.

The initiative reflects the government's commitment to bolstering the agricultural sector through infrastructure development, thus enhancing livelihoods and encouraging investment in rural areas, aligning with larger goals of food security and sustainable agricultural practices.

Important Points:

• Evaluation by AERC on AIF completed in December 2023.
• 54% of respondents reported significant increase in farmer incomes due to AIF.
• ₹66,310 crores sanctioned for 113,419 projects as of June 2025.
• 31% of AIF units received government subsidies.
• Average employment per unit was 11, peaking at 27 in Rajasthan.
• Major project distributions include custom hiring centres, processing units, and warehouses.
• Positive beneficiary feedback indicating demand and income satisfaction.

Summary of Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) Activities for FY 2023-24

The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) is a demand-driven wage employment scheme designed to provide at least 100 days of employment each financial year to every rural household whose adult members volunteer for unskilled manual work. Its primary objective is to create durable and productive assets while ensuring that employment is generated in rural areas.

Key Features of MGNREGS:

• Objectives:

  • Provision of 100 days of guaranteed wages for unskilled manual work each financial year.
  • Creation of productive assets of prescribed quality and durability.

• Permissible Activities:

  • Rural Infrastructure:

    • All-weather road connectivity to unconnected villages and border areas, as mentioned in Schedule I, Para 4 (1), IV of MGNREGS.
    • Construction of pucca (concrete) internal roads, side drains, and culverts.

  • Natural Resource Management:

    • Activities include water conservation, and harvesting structures to support groundwater recharge, particularly under Jal Jeevan Mission.

• Convergence with Other Schemes:

  • MGNREGS activities, particularly road connectivity, are being executed in conjunction with the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojna (PMGSY).

Financial and Operational Details for FY 2023-24:

The report details the state-wise performance of rural connectivity and water conservation works completed till FY 2023-24:

• Total Physical Performance:

  • 3,49,936 rural connectivity works were completed with an expenditure of ₹15,48,244 lakh.
  • 5,39,369 water conservation and harvesting works were completed with a total expenditure of ₹24,69,228.36 lakh.

• Employment Generated:

  • Approximately 2,72,487,666 person-days were generated through rural connectivity works.
  • Approximately 89,47,05,772 person-days were generated through water conservation and harvesting activities.

State-wise Breakdown of Activities:

• Andhra Pradesh:

  • Rural Connectivity: 17,384 works generating 51,46,776 person-days; Expenditure: ₹74,506.50 lakh.
  • Water Conservation: 20,934 works generating 1,97,07,155 person-days; Expenditure: ₹49,134.92 lakh.

• Bihar:

  • Connectivity: 40,935 works; Employment: 2,81,81,093 person-days; Expenditure: ₹1,53,580.18 lakh.
  • Water Conservation: 33,561 works; Employment: 2,59,04,610 person-days; Expenditure: ₹69,275.06 lakh.

• Uttar Pradesh:

  • Connectivity: 67,147 works; Employment: 1,20,36,910 person-days; Expenditure: ₹1,87,722.48 lakh.
  • Water Conservation: 36,568 works; Employment: 5,54,41,532 person-days; Expenditure: ₹1,42,328.73 lakh.

The detailed annexure lists performances across all Indian states and Union Territories.

Conclusion:

The MGNREGS continues to play a crucial role in rural employment generation and infrastructure development in India. The convergence of MGNREGS with schemes like PMGSY and Jal Jeevan Mission emphasizes the government's approach towards holistic rural development and sustainable resource management.

Important Points:

• MGNREGS guarantees 100 days of employment to rural households.
• Convergence with PMGSY improves rural infrastructure connectivity.
• A total of ₹15,48,244 lakh was spent on connectivity and ₹24,69,228.36 lakh on water conservation in FY 2023-24.
• Significant person-days were generated: ~2.72 crore from connectivity and ~89.47 crore from water activities.
• Detailed performance data provided by states reveals regional employment generation and infrastructure work outcomes.

Summary of Government Measures to Boost Exports and Domestic Manufacturing:

The Government of India has undertaken several comprehensive measures aimed at enhancing exports and promoting domestic manufacturing, leveraging the participation of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) and integrating advanced infrastructure and technology solutions. Key highlights of these initiatives include:

Key Export and Manufacturing Initiatives:

• Trade Agreements:

  • India signed the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) with the United Kingdom on 24th July 2025, marking a significant development in bilateral trade.
  • Ongoing negotiations with the European Union aim to conclude a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) by the end of the year.

• Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Schemes:

  • Implemented for 14 key sectors: Electronics, IT hardware, Pharmaceuticals, Bulk Drugs, High-Efficiency Solar PV Modules, Automobiles & Auto Components, White Goods, Telecom, and others.
  • These schemes have led to increased domestic manufacturing, job creation, and an influx of investments from domestic and foreign entities.

• Logistics Reforms:

  • The National Logistics Policy (NLP) and PM Gati Shakti initiatives have been launched to streamline logistics, improve stakeholder coordination, and leverage technology to manage logistics effectively.
  • A focus on developing multimodal infrastructure through the PM Gati Shakti National Master Plan aims to enhance economic productivity and bolster exports.

• National Industrial Corridor Development Programme (NICDP):

  • A transformative initiative to establish competitive manufacturing hubs to improve connectivity to markets and facilitate industrial growth.

Grassroot Initiatives:

• Districts as Export Hubs (DEHs):

  • The initiative aims to identify export potential products in Indian districts, promoting adaptability for SMEs.
  • State Export Promotion Committees (SEPC) and District Export Promotion Committees (DEPC) have been formed for localized support.

• E-Commerce Export Hubs (ECEHs):

  • Established to facilitate cross-border e-commerce exports for SMEs and artisans.
  • Proposed services include customs clearance, quality certification, and off-port warehousing, simplifying regulatory processes and logistics.

Economic Indicators and Achievements:

• The PLI's impact on the medical devices sector includes 21 projects producing 54 unique medical devices, revolutionizing health technology in the country.
• The mobile manufacturing sector's transformation: India has shifted from being a net importer to a net exporter, with mobile phone exports rising from ₹1,500 crore in 2014-15 to over ₹2 lakh crore in 2024-25, positioning it as the second-largest mobile manufacturing hub globally.
• The pharmaceuticals sector has reported cumulative sales of ₹2.66 lakh crore, with exports of ₹1.70 lakh crore in the first three years of the PLI scheme. India has transitioned to a net exporter of bulk drugs after years of depending on imports.

Government Overview:

• The comprehensive approach is designed not just to increase exports but also to reduce import dependencies across various sectors.
• Significant emphasis is placed on the role of technology, grassroots initiative deployment, and regional planning in achieving national goals of economic growth and global competitiveness.

This coordinated effort represents a long-term strategic vision to modernize India's industrial landscape and enhance its role within global supply chains, ultimately aiming to solidify India’s position as a prominent player in international trade.

Important Points:

• India signed CETA with the UK on 24th July 2025.
• PLI schemes cover 14 sectors, attracting extensive investments.
• National Logistics Policy and PM Gati Shakti are pivotal for improving logistics.
• The NICDP focuses on creating globally competitive manufacturing hubs.
• DEH and ECEHs support SMEs and reduce export logistics costs.
• Mobile exports rose from ₹1,500 crore to over ₹2 lakh crore, transforming India into a mobile manufacturing leader.
• The pharmaceuticals sector saw exports go from being a net importer to a net exporter.

These measures collectively reflect the government's commitment to boosting economic activity and enhancing the global trade landscape of India.

The government has established a structured support system for farmers in India through various schemes, particularly focusing on ensuring fair pricing and financial assistance.

Minimum Support Prices (MSPs)

• The Government of India sets Minimum Support Prices (MSPs) for 22 major agricultural crops annually, based on recommendations from the Commission for Agricultural Costs & Prices (CACP) after consulting state governments and relevant ministries.
• The government has also implemented a digital payment system for better transparency in MSP procurement.
• No loan waiver scheme operates under the Department of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare.

Financial Aid Schemes

1. Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN):

   • Launched in February 2019, this scheme offers financial support of ₹6,000 per year to land-holding farmers, disbursed in three installments through Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT).
   • As of now, ₹3.69 lakh crore has been disbursed across 19 installments.

2. Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY):

   • Initiated during the Kharif 2016 season, this insurance scheme protects farmers against crop loss due to natural disasters and adverse climatic conditions.
   • Farmers have paid premiums totaling ₹35,753 crore, while claims totaling ₹1.83 lakh crore have been settled as of June 30, 2025, significantly exceeding the premiums collected.

3. Modified Interest Subvention Scheme (MISS):

   • A 100% centrally funded scheme aimed at providing concessional interest rates on short-term agricultural loans through Kisan Credit Cards (KCC).
   • Disbursement of funds over the past five years has seen fluctuating amounts, with ₹17,811.72 crore disbursed in 2024-25 alone.

4. Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF):

   • Launched in 2020 under the Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative, this scheme aims to enable medium to long-term debt financing for investments in agriculture-related post-harvest management.
   • The government has allocated ₹1 lakh crore for the scheme and as of June 30, 2025, ₹66,310 crore has been sanctioned for 113,419 projects, resulting in over ₹107,502 crore mobilized investment in agriculture.
   • Significant projects under AIF include custom hiring centers, processing units, warehouses, sorting and grading units, and cold storage projects.

Key Statistics (2024-2025)

• Procurement: 11.75 million metric tonnes (LMT)
• MSP Amount Distributed: ₹3.33 lakh crore
• Number of Benefitting Farmers: 1.84 crore

Government's Commitment

• These initiatives reflect the government's commitment to alleviating farmers' financial vulnerabilities and modernizing agricultural practices. The bolstering of agricultural income via MSPs and insurance schemes are central to this goal.

Parliamentary Updates

• This information was shared by Shri Ramnath Thakur, Minister of State for Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, in the Lok Sabha, indicating a structured approach towards rural welfare and agricultural sustainability.

In summary, the Indian government implements multiple schemes and strategies, focusing on both immediate financial support and long-term infrastructure development in the agricultural sector, ensuring the well-being of farmers across the country.

Important Points:

• MSPs set for 22 crops based on CACP recommendations.
• Digital payment system for MSP implemented.
• No loan waiver scheme exists currently.
• PM-KISAN has disbursed ₹3.69 lakh crore aiding farming households.
• PMFBY secures farmers against crop losses with a significant claim payout.
• MISS provides interest rate subsidies on agricultural loans.
• AIF aims for extensive investment in agricultural infrastructure.
• As of June 2025, AIF merited a mobilization of over ₹107,502 crore through sanctioned projects.

Summary of Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme

The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (Mahatma Gandhi NREGS) is an employment initiative aimed at providing at least 100 days of guaranteed wage employment each financial year to every rural household where adult members are willing to do unskilled manual labor. The scheme's focus is on creating durable assets and improving rural infrastructure.

Key features and categories of works:

• Objective: To create productive assets of prescribed quality and durability through unskilled manual work.
• Categories of works under the scheme:
  • Rural Infrastructure (Schedule I, Para 4 (1) IV): focuses on providing all-weather road connectivity to unconnected villages and constructing internal village roads, side drains, and culverts.
  • Natural Resource Management (Category A): includes activities such as water conservation and managing water harvesting structures like underground dykes, earthen and check dams, especially aimed at enhancing groundwater recharge.

Convergence with other schemes:

• The scheme works in conjunction with the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojna (PMGSY), overseen by the Ministry of Rural Development. It ensures adherence to guidelines for planning, design, implementation, quality control, and maintenance when establishing all-weather road connectivity.

Impact on local communities:

• The activities under Mahatma Gandhi NREGS directly or indirectly support the Jal Jeevan Mission, aiming to improve water accessibility in rural areas based on local community needs.

Financial and employment statistics for FY 2023-24:

Data provided by Shri Kamlesh Paswan, Minister of State for Rural Development, reveals comprehensive performances of the scheme across various states and Union Territories:

• Total rural connectivity works completed: 349,936

• Total expenditure on rural connectivity: ₹15,48,244 lakh

• Total person-days generated from rural connectivity: 27,24,87,666

• Total water conservation and harvesting works completed: 539,369

• Total expenditure on water conservation: ₹24,69,228.36 lakh

• Total person-days generated from water-related works: 89,47,05,772

State-wise performance summary:

• Andhra Pradesh: 17,384 connectivity works, 74,506.50 lakh spent, generating 51,46,776 person-days.
• Bihar: 40,935 connectivity works, ₹1,53,580.18 lakh spent, 2,81,81,093 person-days generated.
• Karnataka: Significant performance with 32,713 connectivity works and ₹91,009.66 lakh expenditure.
• Madhya Pradesh: 26,700 completed connectivity projects, costing ₹70,264.44 lakh.
• Uttar Pradesh: Recorded the highest number of rural connectivity works (67,147) with a total expenditure of ₹1,87,722.48 lakh.
• Jammu & Kashmir: Important contributions with 10,522 completed works, generating 78,36,228 person-days.

Implications:

This extensive data reflects the scheme's vital role in enhancing rural infrastructure, generating employment, and addressing local demands for water and connectivity.

Key Points

• Mahatma Gandhi NREGS aims to provide 100 days of wage employment to rural households.
• Focus on creating durable productive assets and improving rural infrastructure.
• Activities include road connectivity and water resource management.
• Works also support the Jal Jeevan Mission for rural water accessibility.
• Significant state-wise financial and employment outcomes in FY 2023-24.
• Overall employment generation and financial expenditures indicate the scheme’s critical impact on rural livelihoods.

Summary of the Fourth All India Handloom Census 2019-20 and Related Government Initiatives

The Fourth All India Handloom Census 2019-20 report, released recently, provides vital statistics on the handloom sector in India, which is significant for both cultural heritage and economic sustenance in the country. The report indicates that there are 26,73,891 handloom weavers and 8,48,621 allied workers, bringing the total number of individuals engaged in the handloom sector to 35,22,512.

Key Highlights from the Census:

• Total Handloom Weavers: 26,73,891
• Total Allied Workers: 8,48,621
• Total Handloom Workers: 35,22,512
• The data is region-specific, showcasing the distribution of handloom weavers and allied workers across various States and Union Territories (UTs).

Distribution of Handloom Workers by State/UT:

• Assam: 11,07,428 weavers (highest)
• Tamil Nadu: 1,97,818 weavers
• Uttar Pradesh: 1,30,778 weavers
• West Bengal: 3,66,656 weavers
• States with fewer weavers include Goa (26), and Punjab (969).

Government Schemes for Handloom Workers:

To enhance the livelihood of handloom weavers and promote their welfare, the Ministry of Textiles implements several key schemes:

1. National Handloom Development Programme (NHDP):

   • Financial assistance for upgrading looms and accessories.
   • Support for construction of worksheds, product and design development, and marketing of products.
   • Loans through the MUDRA scheme.
   • Social security measures for weavers.

2. Raw Material Supply Scheme:

   • Provides transport subsidies for yarn distribution to the doorstep of beneficiaries.
   • Offers a 15% price subsidy on various yarn types including cotton, silk, wool, and blended natural fibre yarns.

E-Pehchan Card Initiative:

• A prominent feature of the government's approach is the introduction of the e-Pehchan card, which has been issued to weavers enumerated in the census. This initiative aids in improving the visibility and recognition of handloom workers.
• An online portal was launched on January 28, 2025 for new registrations and modifications to existing records. Approximately 15,000 additional weavers have been approved for e-Pehchan cards as a result.

Legislative Context:

The government's initiatives align with Article 21 of the Indian Constitution, ensuring the right to livelihood, and Article 39(e) and (f), which mandates the state to direct its policy towards securing the right to work and to ensure that the ownership and control of material resources are distributed to serve the common good.

Important Points:

• Census Period: 2019-20
• Total Weavers: 26,73,891 (including allied workers)
• Key States: Assam, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal with largest populations of weavers.
• Schemes Implemented: NHDP and Raw Material Supply Scheme.
• E-Pehchan Cards: More than 15,000 new approvals for recognition.
• Online Registration Launch: January 28, 2025.

These programs not only aim at economic upliftment but also strive to preserve and promote the rich cultural heritage associated with India's handloom sector.

Summary: Update on National Sickle Cell Anemia Elimination Mission (NSCAEM)

The National Sickle Cell Anemia Elimination Mission (NSCAEM), an initiative by the Indian government aimed at combating sickle cell disease (SCD), has achieved significant progress as of July 2025. Here are the key highlights:

• Screening and Testing

  • The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) has validated 30 Point of Care Tests (PoCT) and 5 Non-Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) assays for SCD screening.
  • A total of 6,07,30,111 screenings have been conducted across 17 tribal-dominated states. This extensive screening is crucial for early diagnosis and treatment of sickle cell disease.

• Cost Norms

  • The government has standardized the cost of sickle cell disease screening to ₹100 per person. This cost includes expenses related to screening, record-keeping, and associated services aiming to ensure accessibility for the affected populations.

• Healthcare Services and Support

  • Patients diagnosed with sickle cell disease receive various services through health facilities including:
    • Regular follow-ups.
    • Counseling on lifestyle management along with guidance on pre-marital and pre-natal decisions.
    • Nutritional support facilitated by the distribution of folic acid supplements.
    • Yoga and wellness sessions to promote health.
    • Management of crisis symptoms with necessary referrals to advanced healthcare facilities.

• Awareness and Educational Efforts

  • The Ministry of Tribal Affairs (MoTA) has developed awareness and counseling materials that have been distributed to relevant states and Union Territories (UTs).
  • Monthly Ayushman Arogya Shivirs serve as platforms to raise awareness about various health programs, including those targeting sickle cell disease.

• Centres of Excellence

  • As part of capacity building, 15 Centres of Excellence (CoEs) have been approved across 14 states to enhance healthcare delivery for sickle cell disease. These CoEs are funded by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs and focus on specialized care and research.

• Research and Development

  • The ICMR has established crucial research institutions, including the ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tribal Health (NIRTH) in Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, and a Centre for Research Management and Control of Hemoglobinopathies in Chandrapur, Maharashtra. These entities play a vital role in supporting national programs, including those addressing sickle cell disease.

• Government Oversight and Support

  • The Union Minister of State for Health and Family Welfare, Smt. Anupriya Patel, confirmed the ongoing efforts and achievements of the NSCAEM in a written reply to the Rajya Sabha, signifying the government's commitment to tackle SCD effectively.

Key Points:

• NSCAEM aims to eliminate sickle cell anemia through large-scale screenings and healthcare support.
• Over 6 crore screenings done in 17 states as of July 2025.
• Government has standardized screening costs to ₹100 per person.
• Comprehensive patient support includes lifestyle counseling, nutritional aid, and yoga sessions.
• 15 Centres of Excellence established for specialized care across 14 states.
• ICMR plays a significant role in research and validation of diagnostic tests.
• Enhancement of community awareness and education through established programs.

This comprehensive approach under NSCAEM aims to improve the quality of life for those affected by sickle cell disease and significantly reduce its prevalence within the tribal populations of India.

Summary of the Status of Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)

The Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) is a pivotal scheme initiated by the Government of India to enhance rural infrastructure through improved road connectivity. Launched in December 2000, its primary aim is to ensure all-weather road access to unconnected habitations, thereby facilitating better socio-economic growth and improving the living standards of rural communities.

Key Features of PMGSY

• Objectives: To construct and enhance roads leading to rural areas, enabling access to essential services and improving the quality of life.

• Phases of PMGSY:

  • PMGSY-I: Initial phase focused on connecting unconnected habitations.
  • PMGSY-II: Launched in 2013 for upgrading existing rural roads.
  • RCPLWEA: Initiated in 2016 for improving connectivity in Left Wing Extremism affected districts across 9 states, ensuring both socioeconomic development and security operations.
  • PMGSY-III: Launched in 2019 aimed at consolidating major rural links and improving road connectivity to critical institutions.

Road Construction and Developments

As of 13th August 2025, the scope of PMGSY has led to:

• Total road length sanctioned for construction: 838,592 km.
• Total road length constructed: 783,795 km.
• Significant milestones achieved and continuous projects running with deadlines set for various phases continuing until 31st March 2026 for PMGSY-I (only in Chhattisgarh) and until March 2025 for other projects.

Upcoming Initiatives

• Phase-IV Launch: Scheduled for 11th September 2024, this phase aims to provide connectivity to an additional 25,000 unconnected habitations due to population increases, proposing to construct 62,500 km of roads with an investment of Rs. 70,125 crore from 2024-2025 to 2028-2029.

Performance Overview (Road Length Constructed/Upgraded)

• 2020-2021: 36,673 km
• 2021-2022: 42,004 km
• 2022-2023: 29,738 km
• 2023-2024: 26,099 km
• 2024-2025 (estimated): 17,758 km
• 2025-2026 (till date): 4,726 km

Facilities Connectivity

Under PMGSY-III:

• Total of 696,000 facilities connected, including:
  • 138,000 Gramin Agricultural Markets
  • 146,000 Educational Centres
  • 82,000 Medical Centres
  • 328,000 transportation and other facilities

All these enhancements have had a positive impact on market access, livelihoods, education, and health services, facilitating socio-economic transformations in rural regions.

Evaluations and Global Alignment

A 2020 evaluation by the Development Monitoring and Evaluation Office (DMEO) of NITI Aayog highlighted that PMGSY aligns well with India’s international commitments, specifically contributing to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2 (Zero Hunger) and 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure).

• Findings indicated:
  • Positive impacts at household and community levels.
  • Increased access to markets and essential services, thus aiding in poverty reduction.
  • Long-term benefits in wealth accumulation and improvement in human capital, substantially upgrading rural living standards.

This information was presented by the Minister of State for Rural Development, Shri Kamlesh Paswan, in a written response in the Lok Sabha.

Important Points

• PMGSY launched in December 2000 to enhance rural connectivity.
• Significant phases: PMGSY-I, PMGSY-II, RCPLWEA, PMGSY-III.
• Total road length constructed: 783,795 km by August 2025.
• Upcoming PMGSY-IV set to connect 25,000 new habitations.
• Improvements have connected 696,000 facilities so far.
• Strong alignment with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs, led by Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi, has approved the construction of a 6-Lane Access-Controlled Capital Region Ring Road, also known as the Bhubaneswar Bypass, in Odisha. This project is to be undertaken on a Hybrid Annuity Mode (HAM) at a projected total capital cost of Rs. 8307.74 crore.

Key Details of the Project:

• Length: 110.875 km
• Total Civil Cost: Rs. 4686.74 crore
• Land Acquisition Cost: Rs. 1029.43 crore
• Estimated completion date and operational timeline: Not specified in the announcement.

Rationale for the Project: The decision is driven by the need to alleviate significant traffic congestion currently experienced on the existing National Highway from Rameshwar to Tangi, particularly through urban areas like Khordha, Bhubaneswar, and Cuttack.

Benefits:

• The bypass will improve connectivity, diverting heavy commercial traffic away from congested urban centers, thereby enhancing the efficiency of freight movement.
• It is anticipated to reduce logistics costs and foster socio-economic growth in Odisha and neighboring eastern states.
• The bypass will integrate with three major National Highways (NH-55, NH-57, NH-655) and one State Highway (SH-65), thereby enhancing connectivity to vital economic, social, and logistics sectors.
• The upgraded corridor is expected to facilitate seamless travel and trade by connecting with 10 Economic Nodes, 4 Social Nodes, and 5 Logistic Nodes.
  • Transport hubs connected:
    • Airports: Bhubaneswar
    • Railway Stations: Khordha
    • Ports: Puri and Astrang
    • Future Infrastructure: Proposed Multi-Modal Logistics Park (MMLP)

Economic Impact:

• The project is projected to generate approximately 74.43 lakh person-days of direct employment and 93.04 lakh person-days of indirect employment.
• It will create new opportunities for trade and industrial growth by strengthening ties between major religious and economic centers in the region.

Employment Potential and Traffic Projections:

• It is estimated that by FY-25, the Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) will reach approximately 28,282 Passenger Car Units (PCU).

Conclusion: Upon completion, the Bhubaneswar Bypass is expected to play a crucial role in driving regional economic development and improving transportation infrastructure, thus contributing positively to the overall economic landscape of Odisha and the surrounding areas.

Bullet Points for Important Sentences:

• Cabinet approved 6-Lane Access-Controlled Capital Region Ring Road (Bhubaneswar Bypass) at a cost of Rs. 8307.74 crore.
• Project length is 110.875 km, to be executed on Hybrid Annuity Mode (HAM).
• The bypass aims to alleviate traffic congestion through Khordha, Bhubaneswar, and Cuttack.
• It will integrate with major National and State Highways, enhancing connectivity.
• Key transport connections include the Bhubaneswar airport, Khordha railway station, and Puri port.
• Expected to generate 74.43 lakh direct and 93.04 lakh indirect employment person-days.
• Projected AADT by FY-25 is estimated at 28,282 Passenger Car Units (PCU).
• Envisaged as a driver of economic growth and infrastructure development in the region.

Comprehensive Summary of Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF) Evaluation

The Indian government has performed a mid-term evaluation of the Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF) scheme, conducted by the Agro Economic Research Centre (AERC) based in Pune. This evaluation was initiated to assess the scheme's effectiveness, gather beneficiary feedback, and make recommendations for enhancements. The findings of this evaluation were summarized in December 2023.

Key Findings from the Evaluation:

• Positive Impact on Farmers' Income and Employment:

  • The AIF scheme has led to an increase in farmers' income by enhancing agriculture storage capacity and fostering post-harvest infrastructure.
  • Employment opportunities and agricultural entrepreneurship have also witnessed significant growth due to the initiatives under AIF.

• Government Subsidies and Financial Assistance:

  • Approximately 31% of AIF units benefited from government subsidies, enhancing their operational capabilities through convergence under the scheme.
  • About 85% of the units indicated that the availability of AIF loans was pivotal in establishing their operations, covering an average of 40% of the overall project costs.

• Infrastructure Development:

  • 70% of the units secured loans specifically for creating new infrastructure, signifying a strong inclination towards investment in growth.
  • The evaluation revealed that total capacity created by sample AIF facilities has reached approximately 879 thousand metric tons (MT), utilizing around 2,900 thousand square feet of area.

• Employment Statistics:

  • Employment generated by AIF activities peaks during the agricultural season, with an average of 11 individuals employed per unit, peaking at 27 in Rajasthan, while Maharashtra had a lower average of 5.
  • Agro-processing units reported higher employment levels compared to other types of units.

• Beneficiary Insights:

  • A significant portion of the beneficiaries (54%) reported improved farmer incomes attributed to the AIF units, with many expressing that the increase is notably high and satisfactory.
  • The majority of these units are located in rural areas, strategically positioned near agriculture production regions, thereby maximizing access to local resources.

Financial Metrics:

• As of June 30, 2025, the AIF has sanctioned a total of ₹66,310 crores for 1,13,419 projects.
• The total investment mobilized in the agriculture sector through these sanctioned projects amounts to ₹107,502 crores.

Types of Projects Funded:

• The AIF scheme has financed a variety of projects, including:
  • Custom Hiring Centres: 30,202 projects
  • Processing Units: 22,827
  • Warehouses: 15,982
  • Sorting & Grading Units: 3,703
  • Cold Storage Facilities: 2,454
  • Other post-harvest management initiatives, totaling 38,251 projects, and effective community farm assets.

The evaluation was communicated by the Minister of State for Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Shri Ramnath Thakur, during a written session in the Lok Sabha.

Important Sentences:

• The AIF scheme's mid-term evaluation was conducted by AERC in December 2023.
• It highlighted increased farmers' income and improvements in agricultural storage capacity and employment generation.
• 31% of AIF units benefitted from government subsidies, indicated positive convergence.
• 85% of units relied on AIF loans for project initiation, covering 40% of project costs.
• Major infrastructure developments include 879 thousand MT capacity installation across various units.
• Employment peaks during high agricultural seasons, with varying averages by state.
• ₹66,310 crores were sanctioned for 1,13,419 projects under AIF by June 30, 2025, mobilizing ₹107,502 crores in the agriculture sector.
• Varieties of projects include custom hiring centres, processing units, warehouses, and cold storage facilities.

Summary of the National Sickle Cell Anemia Elimination Mission Update

The National Sickle Cell Anemia Elimination Mission (NSCAEM) is a strategic initiative aimed at screening and providing healthcare to individuals affected by Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) primarily in tribal regions of India. Key developments include the following:

• Screening Initiatives:

  • As of July 31, 2025, over 6.07 crore (60.73 million) screenings have been conducted across 17 states predominantly with tribal populations.
  • The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) has approved 30 point-of-care tests (PoCT) and 5 non-rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) for SCD screening.

• Cost Norms:

  • A standardized cost of ₹100 per person has been established for SCD screenings, which covers all associated costs including screening and record-keeping.

• Healthcare Facilities and Services:

  • Screening facilities are available at multiple health levels from District Hospitals down to Ayushman Arogya Mandirs (AAMs).
  • Healthcare services provided include:
    • Regular follow-up consultations for patients with SCD.
    • Counseling on lifestyle, pre-marital, and pre-natal practices.
    • Nutritional support via folic acid tablets.
    • Wellness programs comprising yoga and health sessions.
    • Crisis symptom management with referrals to advanced medical facilities.

• Awareness Programs:

  • The Ministry of Tribal Affairs (MoTA) has developed and distributed awareness and counseling materials to States and Union Territories.
  • Monthly Ayushman Arogya Shivirs are organized to raise awareness about health programs, including SCD.

• Centres of Excellence:

  • A total of 15 Centres of Excellence (CoEs) have been approved across 14 states to enhance facilities and services for SCD. Funding for these centers is provided by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs, in accordance with established guidelines from the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.

• Research and Development:

  • The ICMR has established the ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tribal Health (NIRTH) in Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, and a specialized center in Chandrapur, Maharashtra, focused on the research and control of hemoglobinopathies including SCD.

• Government Commitments:

  • Union Minister of State for Health and Family Welfare, Smt. Anupriya Patel, reiterated these developments in a written reply in the Rajya Sabha.

Important Points:

• Over 6.07 crore screenings conducted in 17 tribal-dominated states as of July 31, 2025.
• 30 PoCTs and 5 RDTs for SCD screening validated by ICMR.
• Standard screening cost set at ₹100 per individual.
• Services provided include follow-ups, counseling, nutritional support, wellness sessions, and crisis management.
• 15 Centres of Excellence approved across 14 states with MoTA funding support.
• Awareness programs organized through monthly Ayushman Arogya Shivirs.
• Establishment of research facilities to support national SCD programs.

This mission reflects the government's commitment to addressing Sickle Cell Disease and improving healthcare for marginalized communities in India.

Summary of the Status of Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) in India

The Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY), initiated in December 2000, aims to enhance rural road connectivity and improve access to social and economic services for rural residents. The scheme has evolved over the years, with several verticals being launched to further strengthen rural infrastructure.

Key Features and Objectives of PMGSY

• Primary Objective: To provide all-weather road connectivity to unconnected habitations in rural areas, thereby improving the quality of life.
• Verticals Launched:
  • PMGSY-II (2013): Focuses on upgrading existing rural roads.
  • RCPLWEA (2016): Aims to improve connectivity in 44 districts affected by left-wing extremism across 9 states, facilitating socio-economic development and smooth anti-extremism operations.
  • PMGSY-III (2019): Targets consolidation of rural links by upgrading 1.25 lakh km of roads.

Progress and Implementation

• As of August 13, 2025, a total of 8,38,592 km of road length has been approved for construction, with 7,83,795 km completed using advanced technologies.
• Ongoing project completion timelines are set for March 31, 2026, for PMGSY-I (in Chhattisgarh), PMGSY-II, RCPLWEA, and PMGSY-III. Other works were scheduled for March 2025.
• Phase IV: Launched on September 11, 2024, aims to provide connectivity to 25,000 unconnected habitations due to population growth, with a target of constructing 62,500 km of road at a cost of ₹70,125 crore from 2024-25 to 2028-29.

Road Construction Data (Last Five Years)

• Construction figures (in km):
  • 2020-2021: PMGSY-I: 16,856; PMGSY-II: 8,341; RCPLWEA: 1,720; PMGSY-III: 9,756
  • 2021-2022: PMGSY-I: 9,821; PMGSY-II: 3,867; RCPLWEA: 2,383; PMGSY-III: 25,933
  • 2022-2023: PMGSY-I: 6,012; PMGSY-II: 1,355; RCPLWEA: 1,787; PMGSY-III: 20,584
  • 2023-2024: PMGSY-I: 2,251; PMGSY-II: 435; RCPLWEA: 1,326; PMGSY-III: 22,087
  • 2024-2025 (till date): PMGSY-I: 866; PMGSY-II: 114; RCPLWEA: 489; PMGSY-III: 16,289

Impact Assessment

An evaluation conducted by the Development Monitoring and Evaluation Office (DMEO) of NITI Aayog in 2020 highlighted the following:

• The PMGSY aligns with India’s goals for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly addressing poverty (SDG 1) and infrastructure (SDG 9).
• Constructed roads have positively impacted rural households and communities, improving access to markets, livelihood opportunities, health, and education.
• The initiative contributes significantly to long-term poverty reduction and enhances living standards by allowing households to build wealth and human capital.

Conclusion

The PMGSY has played a critical role in connecting rural populations with essential services, thereby fostering socio-economic development. The ongoing expansions and evaluations underline the government's commitment to enhance rural infrastructure and connectivity.

Key Points:

• Launched in 2000 with the aim of all-weather rural connectivity.
• Several verticals added since inception, including PMGSY-II, RCPLWEA, PMGSY-III.
• 8,38,592 km approved, with 7,83,795 km constructed as of August 2025.
• Phase IV to commence in 2024, targeting 25,000 new habitations.
• Findings from the 2020 evaluation show significant socio-economic benefits and alignment with SDGs.

Summary of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (Mahatma Gandhi NREGS)

The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (Mahatma Gandhi NREGS) is a demand-driven wage employment initiative aimed at providing a minimum of 100 days of unskilled manual work annually to every rural household willing to participate. This scheme not only aims to ensure livelihood security but also focuses on the creation of durable productive assets.

Key Objectives and Provisions:

• Employment Guarantee: The core objective is to guarantee employment for adult members of rural households, facilitating community participation in labor-intensive work.
• Asset Creation: The scheme supports the creation of infrastructure through two main categories under the guidelines:
  • Rural Infrastructure: Providing all-weather road connectivity to unconnected villages and enhancing internal village roads.
  • Natural Resource Management: Focusing on water conservation projects such as check dams and rainwater harvesting, which directly align with the goals of the Jal Jeevan Mission.

Convergence with Other Schemes:

• The Mahatma Gandhi NREGS complements the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY), emphasizing the importance of integrating programs to enhance rural infrastructure. The Ministry of Rural Development oversees the planning, execution, and quality control of projects under this scheme.

Financial and Output Data for FY 2023-24:

The data provided presents a detailed analysis of works completed and expenditures incurred across various states and Union Territories (UTs) during the financial year (FY) 2023-24.

• Rural Connectivity Works and Water Conservation:
  • Total rural connectivity works completed: 3,49,936 with an expenditure of about ₹15,48,244 lakhs.
  • Total water conservation and harvesting works completed: 5,39,369 with an expenditure of approximately ₹24,69,228 lakhs.

The report specifies person-days generated, with significant contributions from states such as Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, and Andhra Pradesh, emphasizing the scale of employment generated through these efforts.

State-wise Contributions:

Here are some notable contributions recorded:

• Andhra Pradesh:

  • Rural Connectivity: 17,384 works completed | Expenditure: ₹74,506.50 lakhs | Person-days: 51,46,776
  • Water Conservation: 20,934 works completed | Expenditure: ₹49,134.92 lakhs | Person-days: 1,97,07,155

• Bihar:

  • Rural Connectivity: 40,935 works completed | Expenditure: ₹1,53,580.18 lakhs | Person-days: 2,81,81,093
  • Water Conservation: 33,561 works completed | Expenditure: ₹69,275.06 lakhs | Person-days: 2,59,04,610

Overall, detailed expenditures and person-days generated reflect the effective implementation of Mahatma Gandhi NREGS.

Conclusion:

The Mahatma Gandhi NREGS plays a pivotal role in boosting rural employment and enhancing infrastructure in rural areas. Its convergence with other governmental schemes like PMGSY maximizes its outreach and effectiveness. The outputs from FY 2023-24 illustrate significant progress towards meeting the scheme's objectives, fostering both employment and sustainable development in rural regions across India.

Important Points:

• The scheme ensures 100 days of employment for rural households.
• Focus on creating durable productive assets.
• Convergence with PMGSY to enhance rural infrastructure.
• Significant expenditure of over ₹40,17,472 lakhs towards connectivity and water conservation.
• Over 89 lakh person-days generated through water conservation and rural connectivity in FY 2023-24.
• States like Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh show exemplary contributions.

This structured approach enhances rural livelihoods while fostering sustainable development aligned with national priorities, reaffirming the government's commitment to rural empowerment.

The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs, chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, has approved the construction of a 6-Lane Access-Controlled Capital Region Ring Road (Bhubaneswar Bypass) in Odisha. This road project, which covers a length of 110.875 kilometers and is estimated to cost Rs. 8307.74 crore, will be developed using the Hybrid Annuity Mode (HAM). The initiative aims to alleviate traffic congestion currently experienced on the Rameshwar to Tangi route, which traverses densely populated urban areas such as Khordha, Bhubaneswar, and Cuttack.

Key Highlights of the Project

• Project Approval: The 6-Lane Access-Controlled Capital Region Ring Road has been approved to improve connectivity and alleviate congestion between urban centers.
• Total Length: The bypass will stretch for 110.875 kilometers.
• Capital Cost: The total capital investment for the project is Rs. 8307.74 crore.
• Mode of Development: The project will be constructed using the Hybrid Annuity Model (HAM).
• Traffic Congestion Issues: The current connectivity faces severe congestion due to high traffic volumes, necessitating the construction of this bypass to manage heavy commercial traffic effectively.

Benefits of the Ring Road

• Traffic Diversion: The road will facilitate the diversion of heavy commercial traffic away from Khordha, Bhubaneswar, and Cuttack, enhancing freight movement.
• Socio-Economic Growth: It is expected to reduce logistics costs and foster socio-economic development across Odisha and neighboring Eastern States.
• Connectivity Enhancement: The road alignment integrates with three major National Highways (NH-55, NH-57, NH-655) and one State Highway (SH-65), thereby ensuring seamless connectivity across critical economic, social, and logistics hubs.

Economic and Employment Generation

• Integration with Nodes: The upgraded roadway will enhance multi-modal transportation capabilities by connecting:

  • Economic Nodes: Special Economic Zones (SEZ), Mega Food Park, Textile and Pharma clusters, Fishing Cluster.
  • Social Nodes: Aspirational District, Tribal District, and Left-Wing Extremism (LWE) affected District.
  • Transport Nodes: Bhubaneswar Airport, Khordha Railway Station, and major ports such as Puri and Astrang.

• Employment Opportunities: The project is projected to generate approximately:

  • 74.43 Lakhs person-days of direct employment.
  • 93.04 Lakhs person-days of indirect employment.

Traffic Forecast

• Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) for FY 2025 is estimated at 28,282 Passenger Car Units (PCU), indicating significant usage of the newly constructed road.

Conclusion

The 6-Lane Access-Controlled Capital Region Ring Road in Odisha sets a foundation for transforming transportation infrastructure in the region, significantly improving both logistics and connectivity while promoting economic growth and job creation. By enhancing the movement of goods and passengers, this initiative supports the overarching goals of infrastructure development and rural-urban connectivity as outlined in various government policies.

Important Points

• Cabinet approval by PM Modi for a major bypass project.
• Length of the bypass: 110.875 km.
• Capital investment: Rs. 8307.74 crore.
• Mode of development: Hybrid Annuity Model (HAM).
• Addresses severe traffic congestion in urban areas.
• Enhances socio-economic development and logistic efficiency.
• Direct employment potential: 74.43 Lakhs person-days; Indirect: 93.04 Lakhs person-days.
• AADT for FY 2025: Estimated at 28,282 PCU.

The article discusses the philosophy of education as a transformative and liberating process, emphasizing the need for an educational approach that fosters individuality and critical thinking rather than rote learning and competition. Key points from the article include:

• Conceptualizing Education: Education should not merely involve imparting knowledge or narratives but must prioritize students’ ability to construct their own understanding based on their unique experiences and capabilities.

• Emphasis on Experience Over Transplantation: Drawing from legal scholar Upendra Baxi, the article argues that education must transcend mere knowledge transplantation, which can often be contextless and restrictive. Instead, education should enhance analytical skills through experiential learning.

• Critique of the Current Education System: The Indian education system is critiqued for its focus on marks and competition, which stifles creativity and individuality among students. The system's structure encourages a "rat race" mentality rather than collaborative learning.

• Nurturing Individuality: The article compares children to flowers—each growing at their own pace and requiring individualized care from teachers. Education should help students discover and polish their innate skills and talents, promoting diversity in learning styles.

• Reverse Learning/Teaching Method: The notion of reverse learning is introduced, wherein students are encouraged to teach teachers about various topics. This method is posited as a means to enhance students' analytical abilities, reading skills, communication, and overall confidence.

• A Mutual Growth Relationship: It emphasizes that the teacher-student relationship should be one of fiduciary respect rather than a hierarchical master-servant dynamic. Both teachers and students should grow together, with teachers facilitating students’ understanding rather than dictating it.

• Empowerment Through Education: Education's ultimate aim is highlighted as enabling students to perceive reality through their own sensory abilities, thereby promoting a sense of liberality, transformation, and humanitarian values.

• Personalized Education: The article argues against mass education models that prioritize institutional monetary growth over personalized attention and support, calling for a model that cherishes individual educational journeys.

• Publishing Details: The article is published under the author's name, Shambhvi, on August 17, 2025, with an emphasis on fostering deeper educational relationships and a holistic view of learning.

In conclusion, the article signifies a call for a paradigm shift in education from a transactional and competitive framework to a more relational, experiential, and student-centered approach. It champions the ideals of nurturing uniqueness and creativity, reinforcing that education should serve to empower students in their journey of personal growth and understanding.

Union Minister Dr. Jitendra Singh has officially launched a book titled "The Weight Loss Revolution – Weight Loss Drugs and How to Use Them," co-authored by renowned endocrinologist Dr. Ambrish Mithal and journalist Mr. Shivam Vij. This event not only highlighted the alarming rise in obesity and metabolic disorders in India but also emphasized the critical need for scientifically backed information in tackling these issues.

Key Highlights:

• Obesity Crisis in India: Dr. Jitendra Singh pointed out that India is experiencing a surge in obesity, positioning it as a global leader in childhood obesity and previously dubbed the “diabetes capital of the world.”
• Health Challenges: The Minister underscored associated health complications of obesity, including diabetes mellitus, dyslipidaemia, hypertension, coronary heart disease, and fatty liver disease.
• Awareness and Disinformation: He stressed the importance of spreading awareness based on scientific principles while warning against misleading information from unverified diet plans and fad diets.
• Tailored Solutions: Emphasizing “Indian Solutions for Indian Patients,” Dr. Singh noted that central obesity poses a greater risk for the Indian population. He advocated for metrics like waist circumference over the traditional Body Mass Index (BMI) to assess health risks.
• Lifestyle Modifications: The Minister underscored that scientific studies have shown that lifestyle changes, such as regular yoga practice, could reduce the incidence of type-2 diabetes by 40%. He called for the integration of modern medicine with traditional practices for comprehensive health strategies.
• Caution on Weight Loss Drugs: Addressing the emerging weight loss medications like Ozempic and Mounjaro, he advised caution in their usage, stressing that clinical outcomes require extensive longitudinal studies for verification.
• Prevention Over Treatment: Dr. Singh proposed a prevention-focused approach to tackle obesity and lifestyle diseases, especially considering India’s young demographic, over 70% of whom are under the age of 40.
• Engagement Across Sectors: He highlighted the importance of cross-disciplinary approaches in addressing obesity and related health issues, arguing that they should not be left solely to health professionals such as diabetologists.
• Role of the Book: Dr. Jitendra Singh lauded Dr. Mithal for authoring a book that serves as a resource for both healthcare professionals and the general public, aiding them in discerning fact from misinformation amidst the prevailing tide of social media.

Conclusion:

Dr. Singh's address identified the critical need for integrated strategies to combat obesity and metabolic disorders, emphasizing preventive measures, public awareness, and scientifically validated dietary guidelines. The call for greater public engagement in health issues signifies a broader approach to public health in India moving forward.

Important Points:

• Launch of "The Weight Loss Revolution" book by Dr. Ambrish Mithal.
• India is facing an obesity epidemic, ranked 3rd in childhood obesity.
• Emphasis on scientifically validated diet prescriptions to combat misinformation.
• Awareness of risks posed by central obesity in the Indian demographic.
• Advocacy for integrating modern and traditional practices in health interventions.
• Caution advised regarding the emerging weight loss drugs.
• Focused call for preventive health strategies for India’s young population.
• The book provides guidance amidst the challenges of misinformation on social media.