Aaranyak, a biodiversity conservation organization based in Assam, has initiated a campaign to involve gram pradhans (village chiefs) in vulture conservation efforts in the Kamrup district. The program launched on August 21, 2025, aims to raise awareness about the severe decline in vulture populations due to poisoning from pesticide-laced carcasses.

Key Details:

• Location: The campaign took place at the Chhaygaon Revenue Circle office, approximately 42 km from Guwahati, Assam.
• Vulture Decline: The Kamrup district has been identified as a critical zone for vulture mortality, with reports indicating that at least 600 vultures have died over the past 15 years primarily due to chemical poisoning.
• Role of Gram Pradhans: The initiative seeks the influential gram pradhans’ support in disseminating information on the importance of vultures, termed “nature’s cleaning crew” for their ecological role in preventing disease spread.
• Causes of Decline: The population of vultures, particularly the slender-billed vulture, has plummeted, with estimates revealing fewer than 900 individuals remaining. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like Diclofenac, Aceclofenac, Ketoprofen, and Nimesulide, previously permissible for veterinary use, along with poisons from pesticides such as organophosphates and carbofuran, are identified as major contributors to vulture fatalities.
• Government Regulations: The Indian government has banned the use of the aforementioned NSAIDs for veterinary purposes to curb vulture decline. However, issues persist with pesticide-related poisonings, emphasizing the need for continued education and community engagement.

Campaign Initiatives:

• Sagun Mitra and Nest Guardianship: These flagship programs aim to foster community involvement in vulture conservation and promote the use of poison-free food to aid in the recovery of vulture populations.
• Health Implications: Experts have linked the decline in vulture populations with a rise in diseases affecting humans, estimating approximately 48,000 human deaths annually attributed to this ecological imbalance.

Conclusion:

The initiative by Aaranyak highlights the crucial role of grassroots involvement in biodiversity conservation, aiming to educate villages on the significance of vultures and implement measures to protect these essential wildlife species. The campaign underscores the intersection of conservation efforts and public health, acknowledging the role vultures play in maintaining ecosystem health and preventing the spread of diseases.

Important Points:

• Aaranyak's campaign involves gram pradhans for vulture conservation in Assam.
• Severe decline in vulture populations in Kamrup due to chemical poisoning.
• Approximately 600 vultures have died in the last 15 years due to pesticides.
• Gram pradhans can significantly aid in spreading awareness.
• NSAIDs and pesticides are primary contributors to vulture mortality.
• The government has prohibited particular NSAIDs for veterinary use.
• Vulture population decline correlates with a rise in human diseases, leading to 48,000 deaths annually.
• Campaign initiatives include Sagun Mitra and Nest Guardianship to promote poison-free food and community involvement.

The Greater Chennai Corporation (GCC) has announced plans to close several Micro Composting Centres (MCCs) and Material/Resource Recovery Centres (MRFs/RRCs) following public objections regarding foul odours and their locations within burial grounds. This decision was communicated in a status report submitted to the National Green Tribunal (NGT) by the Solid Waste Management Department.

Key Information:

• Date of Announcement: August 23, 2025
• Operational Facilities: As of January 1, 2025, GCC was operating 190 MCCs and 137 MRFs across 15 zones of Chennai.
• Facilities in Contention:
  • 58 MCCs and 40 MRFs are situated in burial ground areas, which have sparked significant opposition from local residents, elected officials, NGOs, and Residents’ Welfare Associations.
  • The report emphasized the necessity of relocating these centres to preserve the sanctity of burial grounds, which are used for rituals honoring deceased individuals.
• Public Complaints: Residents reported issues with foul odours from these centres, prompting calls for their closure.
• Quality of Compost: GCC acknowledged that the compost generated from the MCCs failed to meet the required carbon-nitrogen ratio, rendering it unsalable to the public or agriculture sector, leading to compost accumulation in these centres.
• Recyclable Materials: It was noted that many MRFs were diverting reusable materials that were being sold directly by conservancy workers, resulting in only non-recyclable waste being processed at the facilities.
• Operational Adjustments: GCC intends to maintain 22 well-managed MCCs and 49 MRFs/RRCs that do not pose public concerns, while the remaining facilities will be shut down. The wet waste from the closed MCCs will be redirected to Bio-CNG plants.
• Current Bio-CNG Plants: As of this report, two Bio-CNG plants are operational:
  • Chetpet (150 TPD capacity)
  • Madhavaram (160 TPD capacity)
• Future Projects: Five additional Bio-CNG plants are under construction. Plans are also underway for integrated waste management plants at Kodungaiyur and Perungudi, which will feature facilities for Bio-CNG, composting, automated MRF, and waste-to-energy projects.
  • Work has commenced at the Kodungaiyur site, while preliminary steps for establishing a 100 MT windrow composting plant at Perungudi are being initiated.

In summary, the GCC has taken heed of public concerns regarding waste management facilities and is implementing changes to ensure public health and the maintenance of sacred spaces. This includes shutting down problematic facilities, redirecting waste to more suitable processing options, and establishing better-integrated waste management systems.

Important Points:

• GCC to close several MCCs and MRFs due to public opposition.
• 190 MCCs and 137 MRFs were operational as of January 1, 2025.
• 58 MCCs and 40 MRFs in burial grounds faced strong resistance.
• Complaints centered on foul odours and poor compost quality.
• GCC will maintain 22 MCCs and 49 MRFs/RRCs deemed acceptable.
• Operational Bio-CNG plants at Chetpet and Madhavaram, with more planned.
• Integrated waste management plants are under development at Kodungaiyur and Perungudi.

An education and awareness campaign aimed at vulture conservation was launched by the Assam-based biodiversity organisation, Aaranyak, on August 21, 2025. The initiative engaged gram pradhans (village chiefs) as key stakeholders to combat the decline of vulture populations, specifically in the Kamrup district, which has been identified as a critical area for vulture conservation efforts.

Key Highlights:

• Event Details: The campaign took place in Chhaygaon, Kamrup district, approximately 42 km from Guwahati, gathering numerous village chiefs.

• Vulture Population Decline: Kamrup district has seen a significant decline in vulture numbers, with over 600 vultures dying in the last 15 years due to chemical poisoning, particularly from consuming pesticide-laced carcasses.

• Role of Gram Pradhans: The Chhaygaon Circle Officer, Chiranjib Das, highlighted the critical influence that gram pradhans can exert in disseminating vulture conservation messages within their communities.

• Contributing Factors to Decline: Most vulture deaths result from poisoning incidents, often attributed to farmers' attempts to deter wildlife and feral dogs from livestock. Notably, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as Diclofenac have been identified as a leading cause of vulture deaths, despite a government ban on their veterinary use. However, residues from pesticides like organophosphates and carbofuran continue to pose threats.

• Ecological Importance of Vultures: Experts have emphasized vultures’ roles as essential ecological agents, helping to keep ecosystems free from disease. The Oriental Bird Club mentioned that the local vulture populations, particularly the slender-billed vulture, have diminished drastically, with some species nearing critically low numbers.

• Health Implications: The drastic reduction in vulture populations is not merely an ecological concern but also a public health issue, correlating with a surge in disease outbreaks and an estimated 48,000 human deaths annually in India linked to declining vulture populations.

• Aaranyak Initiatives: Aaranyak has introduced programs such as Sagun Mitra and Nest Guardianship to mobilize community support for vulture conservation. The concept of "Sagun," meaning vulture in Assamese, aims to foster community-led initiatives that provide poison-free food to support vulture recovery.

Conclusion:

The campaign initiated by Aaranyak signals a proactive approach to vulture conservation in Assam by harnessing community leadership, educating stakeholders about ecological interactions, involving government support against harmful agricultural chemicals, and promoting public health awareness linked to wildlife conservation.

In a significant development, members of the Tamil Nadu Organic Farmers’ Federation conducted a fast on August 23, 2025, in protest against the introduction of gene-edited rice varieties by the Union government. The two varieties at the center of the controversy are called “Pusa DST-1” and “Kamala,” which have been developed through gene-editing techniques that involve modifying the rice genome by cutting and deleting specific parts.

Key Points:

• The Tamil Nadu Organic Farmers’ Federation organized a fast to protest the introduction of gene-edited rice by the Union government.
• The rice varieties in question are named “Pusa DST-1” and “Kamala,” aimed at increasing yields and enhancing drought and salinity tolerance.
• Concerns have been raised regarding the potential contamination of traditional rice varieties due to gene-edited plants, threatening the biodiversity of rice.
• Arachalur Selvam, the State Coordinator of the Federation, articulated fears about the impact on the rich heritage of rice diversity in the region.

The protest reflects broader concerns over agricultural biotechnology and highlights the tension between modern agricultural practices and traditional farming methods. The call for withdrawal of these gene-edited varieties underscores the significance of preserving indigenous agricultural practices and biodiversity.

The Greater Chennai Corporation (GCC) has taken significant steps regarding its Solid Waste Management initiatives following public grievances. Here are the key details summarized:

• Closure of Composting Centres: The GCC plans to shut down multiple Micro Composting Centres (MCCs) and Material/Resource Recovery Centres (MRFs/RRCs) located within burial grounds due to public outcry concerning foul odour and the sanctity of these sites. As of January 1, 2025, the GCC reported operating 190 MCCs and 137 MRFs in its 15 zones.

• Public Concerns: Residents, local representatives, NGOs, and Residents’ Welfare Associations have expressed strong opposition to the presence of 58 MCCs and 40 MRFs in burial grounds, arguing that these sites are sacred and used for ritualistic practices in honouring deceased individuals.

• Operational Issues: The GCC highlighted that the compost generated from the MCCs failed to meet the requisite carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, making it unsellable to the public or agriculture department. This has resulted in a backlog of compost. Additionally, at several MRFs, reusable materials are reportedly being diverted to private sales by conservancy workers, leading to only non-recyclable waste arriving at these facilities.

• Review of Facilities: In response to these issues, the GCC has earmarked 22 MCCs and 49 MRFs/RRCs that meet operational standards and do not pose public complaints for continued operation. The rest, deemed problematic, will be shut down.

• Redirecting Waste: The wet waste from the anticipated closures will be redirected to Bio-CNG plants. Currently, there are two operational Bio-CNG plants located in Chetpet (150 TPD capacity) and Madhavaram (160 TPD capacity), with five additional plants under construction. The facilities at Sholinganallur and Madhavaram (Part II) are expected to commence operations within three months.

• Future Developments in Waste Management: The GCC has unveiled plans for integrated waste management facilities at Kodungaiyur and Perungudi. These facilities will encompass Bio-CNG production, composting, automated MRFs, and waste-to-energy capabilities. Work is already underway at Kodungaiyur, while preliminary planning for a 100 MT windrow composting plant at Perungudi is in process.

This initiative reflects focused efforts by the GCC to enhance waste management practices while addressing community concerns on sanitation and environmental integrity.

Important Sentences:

• The GCC plans to close several MCCs and MRFs located in burial grounds following public objections.
• As of January 1, 2025, the GCC operated 190 MCCs and 137 MRFs in Chennai.
• Strong opposition was raised by residents and community groups against facilities in sacred areas.
• Manure from MCCs did not meet quality standards, resulting in large compost backlogs.
• Several MRFs had issues with the diversion of recyclable materials by conservancy workers.
• The GCC has designated 22 MCCs and 49 MRFs for continued operation based on their maintenance.
• Wet waste from closed MCCs will be redirected to operational Bio-CNG plants.
• Future waste management plans include integrated facilities for composting and waste-to-energy in Kodungaiyur and Perungudi.

On August 23, 2025, Karnataka Chief Minister Siddaramaiah addressed the Legislative Assembly, highlighting the necessity of the Mekedatu balancing reservoir amid the state's current water management situation. This comes in the context of Karnataka having already released 177.25 tmcft (thousand million cubic feet) of Cauvery water to Tamil Nadu for the year, as the Krishnaraja Sagar reservoir is at full capacity.

Key points from the discussion include:

• Current Water Release: Karnataka has surpassed its stipulated water release to Tamil Nadu, indicating effective management given the reservoir’s status.

• Proposal for Mekedatu Reservoir: The Chief Minister proposed the construction of the Mekedatu balancing reservoir. The proposed reservoir is designed to store 67 tmcft of water which can be crucial during periods of heavy rainfall as well as an essential mitigation tool during droughts.

• Impact on Tamil Nadu: Siddaramaiah assured that the establishment of the Mekedatu reservoir would not hinder Tamil Nadu's access to its allocated water share from the Cauvery River. He emphasized that the reservoir is meant to enhance water management without adversely impacting neighboring states.

• Call for Collaboration: The Chief Minister urged Tamil Nadu to reconsider its objections to the Mekedatu project, arguing that it poses no threat to their water rights and could ultimately be beneficial for both states in terms of water security.

The discussion underscores the ongoing challenges in inter-state water sharing and the importance of infrastructure development for effective water resource management. The Mekedatu project is significant not only for managing excess rainfall but also for potentially addressing drought conditions, which are critical for agricultural stability in the region.

Important Sentences:

• Karnataka has released over this year’s stipulated quantum of 177.25 tmcft of Cauvery water to Tamil Nadu.
• The Krishnaraja Sagar reservoir is currently full.
• Chief Minister Siddaramaiah proposed the Mekedatu balancing reservoir to store excess water.
• The Mekedatu reservoir can store 67 tmcft of water, aiding drought mitigation.
• Siddaramaiah asserted that the Mekedatu project would not affect Tamil Nadu's water share.
• The Chief Minister appealed to Tamil Nadu to withdraw its objection to the Mekedatu proposal, indicating it would not harm its interests.

On August 23, 2025, members of the Tamil Nadu Organic Farmers’ Federation organized a fast to voice their opposition against the Union government's introduction of gene-edited rice varieties, notably "Pusa DST-1" and "Kamala."

Key Points:

• Protest Against Gene-Edited Rice: Members of the Tamil Nadu Organic Farmers’ Federation conducted a fast, demanding the repeal of gene-edited rice varieties introduced by the Union government.

• Details of Introduced Varieties: The two rice varieties in question, "Pusa DST-1" and "Kamala", have been developed through gene editing techniques, which involve the alteration of the rice genome by cutting and deleting specific sections.

• Claims of Increased Yield: The developers of these rice varieties assert that the modifications have led to improved yield and enhanced tolerance to challenges such as drought and salinity.

• Concerns Raised by Farmers: Arachalur Selvam, the State Coordinator of the Tamil Nadu Organic Farmers’ Federation, highlighted the potential risks of gene-edited crops contaminating traditional rice varieties, thereby threatening rice biodiversity and heritage.

This event encapsulates the ongoing debate surrounding the application of biotechnology in agriculture, as stakeholders weigh the benefits of enhanced agricultural productivity against the preservation of traditional farming practices and biodiversity.

On August 18, 2023, the Haryana government officially defined "forest" in a manner that has raised significant concerns among environmentalists and activists. This definition follows the directions issued by the Supreme Court of India on March 4, 2023, which mandated all states and Union Territories (UTs) to clarify what constitutes a forest within their jurisdictions.

Haryana's Definition of Forest

• Haryana's Environment, Forest and Wildlife Department outlined specific criteria for designating land as a forest:
  • A minimum area of five hectares for isolated patches and two hectares for contiguous patches with government-notified forests.
  • A canopy density of 40% or more.
• The definition explicitly states that all linear plantations and orchards outside the notified forests would not be classified as forests.

Supreme Court Directives

• The Supreme Court directed states and UTs to establish experts' committees within one month to identify "forest-like areas," "unclassified forest lands," and "community forest lands," with a six-month deadline for mapping and reporting to the Centre.
• This directive is part of ongoing legal proceedings related to a challenge against amendments to the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 (FCA), which majorly governs forest land utilization in India.
• The FCA prohibits the diversion of forest land for non-forest activities without prior approval from the Central government.

Background on FCA and Godavarman Judgment

• The FCA was enacted to limit deforestation and facilitate the conservation of forests.
• In 1996, the Supreme Court ruling in the case T N Godavarman Thirumulpad v. Union of India established that the definition of 'forest' applies broadly, covering all recognized forests, irrespective of their status.
• The recent amendments to FCA aimed to create a distinction, causing protests from retired Indian Forest Service officers and NGOs due to concerns that it diluted the protections guaranteed under the law.

Environmental Concerns

• Environmentalists criticized Haryana's definition as being overly narrow, claiming that it would exclude critical regions like the Aravalli ridge from forest protection, exposing them to illicit mining and encroachment.
• Experts like Chetan Agarwal argue that the criteria set by Haryana are excessively stringent. They note:
  • The 40% canopy cover threshold is inappropriate, especially in Haryana's dry climate, which receives limited rainfall (300-600 mm annually).
  • The area thresholds of 5 hectares and 2 hectares are excessively large, which contradicts the biodiversity and vegetation patterns unique to the Aravalli region.

Legal and Administrative Ramifications

• States failing to comply with the Supreme Court's directives will face accountability measures against their Chief Secretaries and Administrators.
• The Supreme Court is set to reconvene on the matter with the next hearings scheduled for September 9, 2023.

Conclusion and Future Actions

The formal definition provided by the Haryana government has enabled survey committees to begin their assessment of forest areas. However, significant debate remains about the potential ramifications of this definition on environmental protection and land use policies. Critics are concerned that the new thresholds may inhibit the conservation of ecologically crucial regions, particularly the Aravalli hills, which face ongoing threats from development and mining activities.

Key Facts:

• Definition Date: August 18, 2023
• Supreme Court Directive Date: March 4, 2023
• Forest Criteria:
  • 5 hectares (isolated); 2 hectares (contiguous)
  • 40% canopy density
• Next Supreme Court Hearing: September 9, 2023
• Significant Legal Framework: Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980; Godavarman Judgment (1996)

This summary delineates the complex interplay between environmental protection, legal mandates, and governmental policy in Haryana concerning forest land designation.

Summary of the Article Featuring Sachchida Nand Tripathi

Profile of Sachchida Nand Tripathi

• Position: Dean, Kotak School of Sustainability, IIT Kanpur; Project Director, AI Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Cities.
• Expertise: Aerosol-cloud interaction, regional climate changes, AI/ML applications in environmental monitoring, and significant contributions to air quality monitoring technologies.
• Education: Engineering graduate from IIT BHU, PhD in Atmospheric Physics from the University of Reading, Postdoctoral research from the University of Oxford.

Focus on Air Quality and Research Journey

• Air Quality Crisis: Tripathi shifted focus to air quality due to severe pollution issues in North India, with particulate matter contributing to 85-90% of health impacts from air pollution.
• Monitoring Initiatives: Implemented a sensory network, increasing air quality monitoring stations significantly (from about 100 to 1,380 across several states including Uttar Pradesh and Bihar).
• AI and Data Challenges: Utilizes machine learning for the calibration and accuracy of low-cost sensors in diverse environmental conditions.

Institutional Roles

• Kotak School of Sustainability: Funded through CSR initiatives, aims at education, research, and outreach for sustainability.
• AI Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Cities: A national program involving multiple IITs and industry partners, focusing on urban sustainability.

Areas of Work at the AI Centre

1. Environmental Monitoring: Use of sensor networks and satellite data for air quality management.
2. Urban Mobility: Enhancing transportation efficiency through an app serving commuters in Delhi; aims to expand to 30 cities.
3. Energy Forecasting: Collaborations with utility companies like Adani Electricity to optimize electricity and gas demand forecasting.
4. Urban Governance Platforms: Digital platforms for efficient communication and issue tracking between citizens and officials.

Operational Structure

• Established as a Section 8 not-for-profit company called Airawat Research Foundation, with the Government of India offering a grant of ₹310 crores for four years.
• Plans for financial sustainability through technology licensing, services to cities, and equity in startups.

Implementation and Future Readiness

• Recognizes that Indian cities have made advancements in AI deployment, especially under the Smart Cities Mission which established integrated command centers.
• Emphasizes the importance of building on existing infrastructure for AI applications; stresses the need for collaboration and data sharing from telecom and other sectors.

Exciting Startups in Sustainability

• BioConcrete (Netherlands): Uses dormant bacteria to self-heal concrete, enhancing longevity and reducing maintenance needs.
• Phool and Chakr Innovation (India): Phool repurposes temple floral waste into sustainable products, while Chakr captures soot particles from pollution sources for product creation.

Government Recommendations

• Advocates for increased public access to comprehensive datasets for public-good applications, emphasizing the importance of building robust, localized AI models to avoid reliance on external data systems.

Overall, the article underscores the interdisciplinary approach required to address the interconnected challenges of sustainability, urban management, and air quality through innovative technological solutions and strategic collaborations between academia, industry, and government.

Key Points

• Tripathi is a leader in air quality monitoring and sustainability research in India.
• Significant contribution to establishing a large-scale air quality monitoring network.
• AI Centre focuses on various domains, including environmental monitoring, urban mobility, energy forecasting, and governance.
• The Center aims to operate sustainably post-initial government funding.
• Emphasis on the need for public access to data to enhance AI applications in urban management.

Aaranyak, an Assam-based biodiversity conservation organization, launched a campaign to engage village chiefs (gram pradhans) in vulture conservation efforts. The initiative was unveiled on August 21, 2025, at the Chhaygaon Revenue Circle office in Kamrup district, approximately 42 km from Guwahati. The area has witnessed a dramatic decline in vulture populations due to factors such as chemical poisoning from pesticide-laced carcasses.

Key details of the campaign include:

• Significant Vulture Population Decline: Kamrup district has become a critical area for vultures' survival, recording the loss of at least 600 vultures over the last 15 years due to chemical poisoning linked predominantly to veterinary drugs and pesticides.
• Campaign Objectives and Methods: The campaign aims to educate and involve local populations, particularly the influential gram pradhans, in spreading the conservation message. Their participation is deemed vital for enhancing awareness about vultures' ecological role, which includes maintaining a disease-free environment.
• Insidious Effects of Chemical Use: Chronicled in the campaign, the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as Diclofenac, Aceclofenac, Ketoprofen, and Nimesulide, despite existing prohibitions by the Indian government for veterinary use, continues to endanger vultures.
• Effects of Poisoning on Public Health: Experts reported that the decline of vultures poses public health risks, correlating with an estimated 48,000 human deaths annually from diseases that proliferate due to the absence of vultures.
• Sagun Mitra and Nest Guardianship Initiatives: Aaranyak's campaigns, such as Sagun Mitra (meaning 'friend of vultures') and Nest Guardianship, aim to promote safe food practices devoid of poison to restore vulture populations.

Village chiefs identified a commonly cited cause for the poisoning incidents: community efforts to protect livestock from wild predators and feral dogs. This misdirected attempt to safeguard livestock has unfortunately fueled the vulture population decline.

The Oriental Bird Club has provided support to the conservation campaign, highlighting the grave status of vulture populations in Kamrup, where some species (e.g., the slender-billed vulture) count fewer than 900 individuals.

In summary, the campaign represents a collective effort to reverse the detrimental trends affecting vulture populations in Assam, promoting educational outreach, ecological awareness, and community involvement to foster environmental health.

Important Points:

• Date of Launch: August 21, 2025.
• Location: Chhaygaon Revenue Circle, Kamrup district, Assam.
• Vulture Deaths: At least 600 vultures lost in last 15 years due to chemical poisoning.
• Primary Causes: NSAIDs and pesticides (organophosphates and carbofuran).
• Public Health Implications: 48,000 human deaths annually linked to disease spread from vulture population decline.
• Campaign Initiatives: Sagun Mitra and Nest Guardianship to promote awareness and prevent poisoning.
• Role of Village Chiefs: Crucial for disseminating conservation information in the community.
• Involvement of Oriental Bird Club: Provided local support for the campaign.

The Greater Chennai Corporation (GCC) has submitted a report to the National Green Tribunal (NGT) indicating plans to close several Micro Composting Centres (MCCs) and Material/Resource Recovery Centres (MRFs/RRCs) due to public complaints regarding foul odors and concerns about their locations, particularly those situated in burial grounds. The status report was a response to directives from the NGT's southern bench.

Key Information:

• Current Operations: As of January 1, 2025, GCC is running 190 MCCs and 137 MRFs/RRCs across its 15 zones.
• Location Concerns:
  • 58 MCCs and 40 MRFs are housed in burial grounds, leading to strong opposition from residents and stakeholders, including NGOs and Residents’ Welfare Associations.
  • Residents argue that these locations should be preserved for cultural and ceremonial purposes relating to funerary rites.
• Public Health Issues: Complaints regarding foul odors from various centers have amplified calls for their closure.

Challenges Identified:

• The compost generated does not meet the necessary carbon-nitrogen ratio for sale, leading to the accumulation of large quantities of unusable compost.
• At many MRFs, reusable materials are being inappropriately diverted and sold directly by conservancy workers, which only allows non-recyclable waste to enter the MRF facilities.

Measures to be Taken:

• GCC has identified 22 MCCs and 49 MRF/RRCs that are appropriately managed and are free from public issues for continued operation. The remaining centers will be shut down.
• Wet waste from the closed MCCs will be redirected to operational Bio-CNG plants, specifically:
  • Chetpet (150 TPD capacity)
  • Madhavaram (160 TPD capacity)
• Five additional Bio-CNG plants are currently under construction, with two facilities (Sholinganallur and Madhavaram Part II) expected to start operations within the next three months.

Future Plans:

• GCC is also planning integrated waste management plants in Kodungaiyur and Perungudi. These will encompass:
  • Bio-CNG production
  • Composting
  • Automated MRF facilities
  • Waste-to-energy solutions
• Development has commenced at Kodungaiyur, and steps are progressing toward establishing a 100 MT windrow composting plant at Perungudi.

Conclusion:

The initiative by the Greater Chennai Corporation to address public concerns by closing problematic MCCs and MRFs highlights a significant step toward improving waste management practices in the region while ensuring the sanctity of burial sites and addressing environmental health issues.

Important Points:

• GCC is shuttering 58 MCCs and 40 MRFs due to public complaints.
• Compost generated does not meet selling standards, causing accumulation.
• 22 MCCs and 49 MRFs/RRCs are identified for continued operation.
• Wet waste from closed facilities will be sent to Bio-CNG plants.
• New integrated waste management facilities at Kodungaiyur and Perungudi are planned, enhancing waste management capabilities.
• Construction of more Bio-CNG plants aims to improve waste treatment processes.

Summary of News Article: Vulture Conservation Efforts in Assam

On August 21, 2025, the biodiversity conservation organization Aaranyak initiated a campaign aimed at involving gram pradhans (village chiefs) in vulture conservation in Assam, specifically addressing the alarming decline of vulture populations in the Kamrup district. This initiative took place in Chhaygaon, located approximately 42 km southwest of Guwahati.

Key Highlights:

• Decline of Vultures in Assam:

  • Kamrup district has been identified as a significant zone for vulture mortality in the region, with at least 600 vultures lost over the past 15 years primarily due to poisoning incidents linked to chemical toxins.
  • The use of pesticide-laced carcasses is cited as a major factor contributing to these deaths.

• Role of Gram Pradhans:

  • The campaign emphasized the role of influential village chiefs in spreading awareness and education regarding vulture conservation.
  • Chiranjib Das, the Chhaygaon Circle Officer, highlighted the necessity of community participation to protect vultures, given their ecological importance in maintaining a disease-free environment.

• Biological Impact of Vultures:

  • Vultures serve as "nature’s cleaning crew," helping to prevent the spread of diseases through scavenging.
  • The decline in vulture numbers has contributed to an escalation in human disease incidences, resulting in approximately 48,000 annual deaths in India.

• Chemical Contributors to Vulture Mortality:

  • Certain nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)—specifically Diclofenac, Aceclofenac, Ketoprofen, and Nimesulide—are recognized for their harmful impact on vulture populations. Although the Government of India has banned these NSAIDs for veterinary use, other poisonous substances including organophosphates and carbofuran persist as threats.

• Initiatives for Conservation:

  • Aaranyak is implementing programs such as ‘Sagun Mitra’ (meaning ‘vulture friend’ in Assamese) and ‘Nest Guardianship’ initiatives aimed at involving local communities in the efforts to create poison-free environments conducive for vulture populations to thrive.

• Population Statistics:

  • Vulture populations have drastically decreased, with specific species like the slender-billed vulture dropping to less than 900 individuals across their distribution range.

Conclusion: The initiative undertaken by Aaranyak reflects a broader strategy to combat the vulture crisis in Assam by engaging local leaders and communities. Through education and participation, the organization aims to foster a vulture-friendly environment to help rebuild these essential species and mitigate the health risks associated with their decline.

Important Sentences:

• Aaranyak launched a campaign to involve village chiefs in vulture conservation in Assam on August 21, 2025.
• Kamrup district has witnessed the loss of at least 600 vultures over 15 years due to poisoning.
• The use of NSAIDs for treating cattle is a primary cause of vulture deaths, despite government bans.
• Vultures play a crucial ecological role by preventing the spread of diseases, with a notable rise in human disease incidences attributed to their decline.
• Aaranyak's initiatives, including Sagun Mitra and Nest Guardianship, focus on creating poison-free habitats for vultures.
• The slender-billed vulture is now critically endangered, with fewer than 900 individuals remaining in the wild.

On August 23, 2025, members of the Tamil Nadu Organic Farmers’ Federation conducted a fast to protest against the Indian government's approval of two gene-edited rice varieties, namely “Pusa DST-1” and “Kamala”.

Key Details:

• Objective of Protest: The farmers are urging the Union government to withdraw the introduction of the gene-edited rice varieties, expressing concerns over their potential impact on traditional rice diversity.

• Nature of Gene-Edited Rice: These rice varieties have been genetically modified through gene editing techniques that involve the deletion of specific sections of the rice genome. Proponents claim that these varieties offer increased yield and enhanced tolerances to challenges such as drought and salinity.

• Concerns Raised: Arachalur Selvam, the State Coordinator for the Tamil Nadu Organic Farmers’ Federation, emphasized that the introduction of gene-edited crops poses a risk of contaminating conventional rice varieties. He argues that such contamination could lead to irreversible harm to the historical diversity of rice cultivated in the region.

• Implications for Agriculture: The protest highlights broader challenges surrounding agricultural biotechnology, including ethical considerations, environmental impact, food security, and the preservation of indigenous agricultural practices.

Conclusion: The fast by the Tamil Nadu Organic Farmers’ Federation is part of a larger dialogue on the role of genetic modification in agriculture and reflects ongoing tensions between modern agricultural innovations and traditional farming practices.

Important Points:

• Tamil Nadu Organic Farmers’ Federation observed a fast on August 23, 2025.
• Protest against two gene-edited rice varieties: “Pusa DST-1” and “Kamala”.
• Gene editing claims to increase yield and tolerance to drought/salinity.
• Concerns about contamination of conventional rice and loss of biodiversity.
• Emphasizes broader issues in agricultural biotechnology and ethical considerations.

The Greater Chennai Corporation (GCC) has announced its decision to close several Micro Composting Centres (MCCs) and Material/Resource Recovery Centres (MRFs/RRCs) following significant public opposition regarding foul odours emanating from these facilities. After a status report was submitted by the Solid Waste Management Department to the southern bench of the National Green Tribunal (NGT), it was revealed that GCC operates 190 MCCs and 137 MRFs/RRCs as of January 1, 2025. A considerable number of these (58 MCCs and 40 MRFs) are situated within burial grounds, which have led to public outcry from residents, local representatives, NGOs, and Residents’ Welfare Associations.

Key Points:

• Public Opposition: Strong community objections have been raised regarding the placement of MCCs and MRFs in burial grounds, which are used for religious rituals for the deceased.
• Foul Odour Complaints: Residents reported foul smells from various waste management centres, leading to calls for facility closures.
• Composting Issues: The GCC admitted the manure generated from MCCs did not meet the necessary carbon-nitrogen ratio for sale, resulting in compost accumulation.
• Diversion of Reusable Materials: At multiple MRFs, reusable waste materials were being sold directly by conservancy workers, which meant only non-recyclable waste was managed by official processes.

Future Actions:

• Closure of Facilities: GCC plans to shut down various underperforming MCCs and MRFs while continuing operations at 22 suitable MCCs and 49 MRF/RRCs that are well-maintained and compliant with public safety standards.
• Redirecting Waste: Wet waste from the closed MCCs will be redirected to Bio-CNG plants. Currently, two operational Bio-CNG plants exist at Chetpet (150 TPD capacity) and Madhavaram (160 TPD capacity), with five additional plants under construction.
• Upcoming Facilities: Facilities at Sholinganallur and Madhavaram (Part II) are expected to begin operations within three months.
• Integrated Waste Management Plans: GCC has proposed integrated waste management systems, including Bio-CNG, composting, automated MRFs, and waste-to-energy facilities, at Kodungaiyur and Perungudi. Construction has begun at Kodungaiyur, and initial steps are being taken for a 100 MT windrow composting plant at Perungudi.

Conclusion:

The decision reflects GCC’s response to community complaints and aims to enhance public health and sanitation through the strategic closure and management of waste facilities. This initiative aligns with sustainable waste management practices to facilitate efficient waste handling in Chennai, which is undergoing significant urban growth and environmental challenges.

• The GCC's actions are indicative of a broader trend towards environmental responsibility in urban governance and waste management.
• Focus on continuous improvement and compliance with environmental standards is critical to foster community trust and support.

Summary:

On August 23, 2025, members of the Tamil Nadu Organic Farmers’ Federation staged a protest by fasting to express their opposition to the Union government's introduction of gene-edited rice varieties, specifically "Pusa DST-1" and "Kamala". These rice varieties have been developed using gene editing techniques that involve cutting and deleting specific parts of the rice genome. Proponents of these varieties assert that they result in increased yields and greater tolerance to drought and salinity.

Key points of the protest include:

• Opposition to Gene-Edited Crops: The Federation members are demanding the withdrawal of these gene-edited rice varieties, highlighting concerns over potential contamination of traditional rice varieties and the resultant risk to biodiversity and heritage.

• Concerns of Contamination: Arachalur Selvam, the State Coordinator for the Tamil Nadu Organic Farmers’ Federation, emphasized that the introduction of gene-edited plants could lead to the contamination of conventional rice varieties, threatening the rich diversity of rice cultivated in the region.

• Background on Gene Editing: Gene editing is a technology that alters the genetic material of an organism, and in this case, has been used to enhance agricultural traits in rice.

This situation raises broader questions regarding agricultural practices, biodiversity conservation, and the regulatory framework surrounding genetically modified organisms in India.

Important Sentences:

• Tamil Nadu Organic Farmers’ Federation observed a fast protesting the introduction of gene-edited rice varieties by the Union government.
• The two varieties introduced are called "Pusa DST-1" and "Kamala", claimed to increase yield and enhance drought and salinity tolerance.
• The gene editing process involves cutting and deleting segments of the rice genome.
• Protest leader Arachalur Selvam warned that gene-edited plants could contaminate conventional varieties, jeopardizing rice biodiversity.
• The protest highlights tensions between modern agricultural biotechnology and traditional farming practices and heritage.

The Haryana government has officially defined what constitutes a "forest" on August 18, 2023, elaborating this parameter upon the directives of the Supreme Court. This definition, which is perceived by environmentalists to be narrow, raises concerns regarding the protection of ecologically sensitive areas such as the Aravalli ridge, potentially leaving them susceptible to excessive development and illegal activities.

Key Aspects of the News Article:

• Definition of Forest:

  • A patch of land qualifies as a "forest" if it meets the following criteria:
    • Minimum area of 5 hectares when isolated, or 2 hectares in proximity to government-notified forests.
    • A canopy density of 40% or more (0.4).
  • Linear/compact/agro-forestry plantations and orchards outside notified forests will not qualify as forest land.

• Supreme Court Directives:

  • On March 4, 2023, the Supreme Court required all States and Union Territories (UTs) to define a "forest" and conduct surveys to map forest areas.
  • States and UTs were mandated to form expert committees within a month and submit reports to the Central government within six months.
  • Non-compliance was flagged with personal accountability for Chief Secretaries and UT Administrators.

• Context of Rulings:

  • These directives emerged from ongoing legal challenges regarding amendments to the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 (FCA), particularly concerning what constitutes a forest.
  • The FCA restricts the use of forest land for non-forest purposes without prior Central approval.

• Landmark Judgments:

  • The Supreme Court’s ruling in T N Godavarman Thirumulpad v Union of India (1996) established that "forest" should be understood according to its dictionary meaning, indicating that any forested land, regardless of designation, could be classified as a forest.
  • This landmark ruling widened the scope of applicability of FCA, prompting subsequent concerns from governmental authorities regarding land use restrictions.

• Amendments and Legal Challenges:

  • The recently contested 2023 Amendment to the FCA aims to limit its applicability to forests specifically notified or recorded by the government, stirring opposition from various civil society groups and IFS officers who argue it undermines key protections.

• Expert Criticism:

  • Environmental experts criticized Haryana’s stringent criteria, arguing that a 40% canopy cover threshold is particularly challenging for areas like the Aravalli ridge, which has limited rainfall and less favorable conditions for significant forest growth.
  • Critics advocate for lower thresholds, suggesting 1 hectare instead of 2 hectares or 5 hectares, contending these measurements inadequately consider Haryana's ecological conditions.

• Future Actions:

  • With the formal definition in place, Haryana can proceed with surveys crucial for determining forest qualification under the FCA, a significant step towards safeguarding such areas.
  • The Supreme Court’s next hearing regarding the ongoing case is scheduled for September 9, 2023.

Summary:

The Haryana government's definition of forests, while compliant with Supreme Court directives, poses significant implications for the ecological integrity of the Aravalli ridge. The narrow criteria have sparked considerable debate around conservation practices and the potential risks of unsustainable development. As the Supreme Court continues to oversee the legal discourse surrounding forest definitions and the FCA, the state's approach will be pivotal in determining the future of environmental protection in Haryana.

The Tamil Nadu Forest Department has initiated the establishment of a Marine Elite Force under the Chennai Wildlife Division, with a financial allocation of ₹96 lakh for the fiscal year 2025-2026. This initiative, outlined in a Government Order (G.O.) by Supriya Sahu, Additional Chief Secretary, aims to protect endangered marine species, focusing particularly on Olive Ridley turtles in the coastal region from Neelankarai to Marina, a significant nesting site.

Key Highlights:

• Establishment of Marine Elite Force: The Marine Elite Force will be established with a budget of ₹96 lakh for 2025-2026.

• Second Unit in Tamil Nadu: This is the second unit of the Marine Elite Force, following the first unit set up in May 2024 in Ramanathapuram aimed at protecting marine ecosystems in the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay.

• Rising Threats to Marine Life: The Chennai coast witnessed a troubling rise in Olive Ridley turtle deaths during January and February 2025, attributed to bycatch in mechanised fishing nets, marine debris, plastic ingestion, and unregulated coastal development.

• Operational Focus: The Marine Elite Force will focus on patrolling and enforcement of wildlife protection measures within five nautical miles of the coastline. This includes responding to situations involving stranded or injured marine animals and conducting regular patrols during the nesting and hatching season from November to April.

• Legislative Framework: The initiatives will support enforcement of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, and will involve coordination with various agencies, including the Tamil Nadu Coastal Security Group, Indian Coast Guard, fisheries department, NGOs, and fishermen's associations.

• Expected Outcomes: The G.O. outlines the anticipated outcomes, which include:

  • Reduction in turtle deaths.
  • Increased enforcement against illegal trawling and poaching.
  • Enhanced response capacity for marine strandings.
  • Improved data collection for research purposes.
  • Better coordination among governmental departments and local communities.

This initiative reflects a significant step towards conservation and protection of marine biodiversity in Tamil Nadu, addressing critical environmental issues with legislative backing and a structured operational framework. The focus on collaboration with various stakeholders signifies a holistic approach to marine ecosystem management.

Publication Date: August 22, 2025, 01:06 am IST.

The tragic incident in Old Ramanthapur, Hyderabad, highlights serious safety concerns regarding electrical infrastructure and regulatory failures. On August 18, 2025, a deadly electrocution occurred during the Krishna Shobha Yatra, killing five men who were part of a procession. The victims were electrocuted when a nine-foot chariot they were pulling came into contact with a sagging high-tension wire.

Summary of Events

• Incident Date: August 18, 2025
• Location: Old Ramanthapur, Hyderabad
• Victims:
  • P. Krishna (21)
  • Rajendra Reddy (48)
  • Srikanth Reddy (35)
  • Rudra Vikas (39)
  • Suresh Yadav (34)
• Survivors: Several individuals were injured, including Armed Reserve head constable V. Srinivas, who survived while witnessing the tragedy.
• Quantity of Casualties: Five dead immediately and three more fatalities in separate incidents within 48 hours, bringing the count to eight.

Government Response

In reaction to escalating electrocution deaths, Deputy Chief Minister Mallu Bhatti Vikramarka mandated a swift transition to underground cabling in Hyderabad and called for the removal of unauthorized cables from electric poles. The Minister of IT, D. Sridhar Babu, announced monetary compensation of ₹5 lakh to each family of the deceased.

Broader Context

The tragic incident is part of a concerning trend in Hyderabad, which has seen more than a dozen electrocution fatalities since January 2025 due to poorly maintained electrical infrastructure. Cases have involved workers performing various tasks, from erecting pandals for festivals to handling signage.

Structural Issues

The incident has unveiled systemic flaws in the management of electrical infrastructure:

• Lack of Oversight: Private broadband operators have set up wires without adequate supervision, leading to dangerous entanglements with high-tension cables.
• Historical Neglect: Years of inadequate regulation and oversight have created complicating factors as power poles are overloaded, causing risks to public safety.
• Bureaucratic Complications: Authority and responsibility for maintaining poles and cables are split among different agencies, making efficient management difficult.

Safety Regulations

• Current Regulations: The Central Electricity Authority regulations and Indian Standard IS:1255 emphasize separating signal and power cables to prevent accidents.
• Enforcement Issues: Despite a 2016 Telangana High Court ruling capping idol heights at 15 feet, compliance has been poor, self-reported by festival organizers aiming for grand displays.

Community Impact

The emotional aftermath for families is significant. Victims' families, like that of Krishna Yadav and Rajendra Reddy, have lost their primary breadwinners. Many residents are pressing for accountability to prevent recurrence and ensure safety.

Conclusions and Recommendations

• Future Safety Measures: Experts have suggested implementing insulated connectors, isolators, regular safety audits, and better planning for high-density cable areas.
• Regulatory Overhaul: A more unified regulatory framework for all operators (public and private) is necessary to ensure safety and prevent further tragedies.

Important Bullet Points

• On August 18, 2025, five men died in a tragic electrocution incident in Old Ramanthapur, Hyderabad.
• The incident occurred during the Krishna Shobha Yatra when a chariot made contact with a high-tension wire.
• Immediate funerals left families, including women and children, dealing with significant losses.
• The government offered ₹5 lakh ex-gratia to victims' families and announced a shift to underground cabling.
• A total of eight fatalities linked to electrocutions occurred in Hyderabad in 48 hours.
• Structural issues within regulatory frameworks are highlighted, indicating a lack of oversight.
• Recommendations for the future include better safety measures and a more cohesive regulatory approach to manage electrical infrastructure safely.

The Tamil Nadu Forest Department has initiated the establishment of a Marine Elite Force, primarily aimed at the conservation of endangered marine species, particularly the Olive Ridley turtles. The unit, which will be operated under the Chennai Wildlife Division, has been allocated a budget of ₹96 lakh for the fiscal year 2025-2026. This initiative was formally announced in a Government Order issued by Supriya Sahu, Additional Chief Secretary for the Departments of Environment, Climate Change, and Forests.

Key Details:

• Budget and Implementation: The Marine Elite Force has a budget allocation of ₹96 lakh for the year 2025-2026.

• Geographical Focus: The operational focus will be along the coastline between Neelankarai and Marina, an important nesting ground for Olive Ridley turtles.

• Context of Establishment: This marks the second Marine Elite Force unit in Tamil Nadu, with the first unit set up in May 2024 in Ramanathapuram, dedicated to the protection of marine ecosystems in the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay.

• Recent Incidents: A notable rise in Olive Ridley turtle deaths was reported in January and February 2025, attributed to factors such as bycatch in mechanised fishing nets, marine debris, ingestion of plastics, and unregulated coastal development. Hundreds of turtle carcasses were found along the Chennai coast during this period.

• Operational Mandate: The Marine Elite Force will aggressively tackle threats to marine life through:

  • Patrolling and Enforcement: Focusing on illegal fishing and wildlife crimes within a five-nautical-mile radius of the coast.
  • Response Operations: Assisting stranded or injured marine animals.
  • Nesting Season Vigilance: Conducting regular patrols during the nesting and hatching season from November to April.

• Legal Framework: The initiative will bolster the enforcement of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, ensuring compliance with regulations meant to safeguard wildlife.

• Collaborative Approach: The Marine Elite Force will work in conjunction with:

  • The Tamil Nadu Coastal Security Group
  • Indian Coast Guard
  • Fisheries Department
  • Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)
  • Fishermen’s associations

• Anticipated Outcomes: The establishment of the Marine Elite Force is expected to:

  • Significantly reduce instances of turtle deaths.
  • Enhance enforcement against illegal trawling and poaching.
  • Provide quicker responses to marine strandings.
  • Generate improved data for research initiatives.
  • Foster better coordination among government departments and local communities.

The initiative reflects a concerted effort by the Tamil Nadu government to safeguard its marine biodiversity, tackle environmental threats, and ensure the sustainability of its coastal resources.

Important Points:

• Establishment of Marine Elite Force by Tamil Nadu Forest Department.
• Budget of ₹96 lakh allocated for 2025-2026.
• Focus on protecting Olive Ridley turtles and reducing threats in coastal regions.
• Second Marine Elite Force; first was established in 2024 in Ramanathapuram.
• Rise in turtle deaths attributed to fishing practices and environmental hazards.
• Enforcement against illegal practices and marine animal rescue missions.
• Collaboration with various agencies and communities for effective implementation.
• Expected outcomes include reduced marine mortality and enhanced research efforts.

The Tamil Nadu Forest Department has announced the establishment of a Marine Elite Force aimed at protecting endangered marine species, particularly Olive Ridley turtles. Below is a comprehensive summary of the key details:

Key Highlights:

• Establishment of Marine Elite Force (MEF):

  • A government order was issued by Supriya Sahu, Additional Chief Secretary, Departments of Environment, Climate Change, and Forests.
  • The MEF will operate under the Chennai Wildlife Division with a budget allocation of ₹96 lakh for the fiscal year 2025-2026.
  • This force represents the second Marine Elite Force in Tamil Nadu, following the establishment of the first unit in Ramanathapuram in May 2024, intended to protect the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay ecosystems.

• Focus Areas:

  • The MEF's primary focus will be to safeguard endangered marine species, especially Olive Ridley turtles, by addressing threats along the Chennai coast—from Neelankarai to Marina—considered a critical nesting area for these turtles.
  • The presence of illegal fishing activities, marine debris, and unregulated coastal development has led to a concerning rise in Olive Ridley turtle deaths noted in January and February 2025.

• Operational Strategies:

  • The force will engage in patrolling, enforcement actions against illegal fishing, and responding to stranded or injured marine animals.
  • Regular patrols will be conducted during the nesting and hatching season, which spans from November to April, with a focus on the first five nautical miles of the coastline.
  • The activities will be coordinated with the Tamil Nadu Coastal Security Group, Indian Coast Guard, fisheries department, NGOs, and fishermen’s associations to enhance collective efforts in marine conservation.

• Legal Framework:

  • The MEF will support the enforcement of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, as part of its operational mandate.

• Expected Outcomes:

  • Aimed results include:
    • Reduction in the number of turtle deaths.
    • Increased enforcement against illegal trawling and poaching activities.
    • Prompt response to marine animal strandings.
    • Enhanced data collection for research and better coordination among various departments and local communities.

• Recent Context:

  • The rising incidence of dead Olive Ridley turtles, linked to bycatch in fishing nets and environmental pollutants, underscores the urgency of this initiative.

• Publication Details:

  • The article was published on August 22, 2025, at 01:06 AM IST.

Conclusion:

The establishment of the Marine Elite Force by the Tamil Nadu government is a significant step towards enhancing marine biodiversity protection efforts, signaling a robust governmental response to declining marine species and environmental challenges faced along the coast. Through coordinated efforts and strategic actions, the initiative aims to create a safer environment for endangered marine species, particularly during their critical nesting periods.

Summary of Initiatives to Strengthen Climate Forecasting in India

The Government of India, through the India Meteorological Department (IMD), has initiated various programs to enhance climate forecasting, particularly for agriculture, under the Gramin Krishi Mausam Sewa (GKMS). These initiatives facilitate timely weather information to aid farmers' decision-making, thereby minimizing crop damage due to adverse climate conditions.

Key Initiatives and Programs:

• Gramin Krishi Mausam Sewa (GKMS):

  • Launched to provide weather forecast-based operational Agrometeorological Advisory Services (AAS).
  • Involves collaborations with prominent organizations like ICAR, SAUs, IITs, and NGOs.
  • Aims to help farmers manage agricultural activities effectively, capitalize on favorable weather, and minimize losses due to unexpected weather variations.

• Agromet Field Units (AMFUs):

  • 130 operational units across 127 agroclimatic zones.
  • Provide medium-range weather forecasts (up to five days) on different parameters such as rainfall, temperature, humidity, and wind conditions.
  • Issue biweekly Agromet Advisories every Tuesday and Friday to assist farmers in decision-making.

• Dissemination Methods:

  • Multi-channel delivery through print, electronic media, SMS alerts, and government portals.
  • The Kisan Portal sends alerts during extreme weather events, supplemented by digital applications like 'Meghdoot' and 'Mausam' for location-specific forecasts.
  • Integration with state government IT platforms for broader accessibility of information.

• Panchayat-Level Weather Forecasts:

  • Introduction of localized forecasts accessible through digital platforms (e.g., e-Gramswaraj, Meri Panchayat app).
  • Coverage of nearly all Gram Panchayats in India for enhanced localized weather information dissemination.

Research and Climate Change Studies:

• The Ministry of Earth Sciences has established the Centre for Climate Change Research at IITM.

• Detailed assessments on climate changes, such as the report “Assessment of Climate Change over the Indian Region”, highlight that:

  • The global average temperature has risen by approximately 1°C since pre-industrial times.
  • Predictions estimate a potential increase of 5°C by the end of the 21st century if current greenhouse gas emission trends persist.

• Specific findings include:

  • India's average temperature has increased by about 0.7°C from 1901 to 2018.
  • Projections forecast an increase of 4.4°C by the end of the century under the RCP8.5 scenario.
  • The frequency of summer heatwaves could increase by 3 to 4 times relative to the baseline period.

• The summer monsoon precipitation has decreased by around 6% since 1951, reflecting a worrying trend towards frequent dry spells and intense wet events.

Agromet Advisory Enhancements:

• Advisories include targeted recommendations tailored to specific crops, focusing on crop varieties that are drought-tolerant, pest-resistant, and flood-resistant.
• Recommendations will also outline practices on sowing and harvesting dates and promote water-efficient irrigation techniques.

Data Accessibility and Climate Projections:

• Climate change scenarios and projections developed by IITM using the IITM Earth System Model are publicly available.
• The IMD and Ministry of Earth Sciences facilitate public data dissemination through various dedicated platforms.

This extensive framework of initiatives serves as a robust mechanism to improve climate resilience in agriculture, enhancing farmers' capacity to adapt to increasingly erratic weather patterns due to climate change.

Important Sentences:

• The GKMS program enhances weather forecasting for agriculture in India.
• Agromet Field Units provide biweekly advisories to assist farmers.
• Localized weather forecasts are now accessible at the Panchayat level.
• Climate change studies indicate a significant rise in global and Indian temperatures.
• Projections show a potential temperature rise of 4.4°C by the end of the 21st century in India.
• Agromet advisories include recommendations for drought-tolerant and pest-resistant crops.
• Public access to climate data and forecasts is significantly improved through digital platforms.

Summary of Parliamentary Question on Single-Use Plastic Ban

In a written reply to the Rajya Sabha, Shri Kirti Vardhan Singh, the Union Minister of State for Environment, Forest and Climate Change, provided an update on the status of the ban on single-use plastic items and the efforts undertaken for their elimination and effective plastic waste management across India.

• Formation of Task Forces:

  • All thirty-six States and Union Territories (UTs) have established a Special Task Force.
  • The task force is chaired by high-ranking officials such as Chief Secretaries, Administrators, or Principal Secretaries, depending on the state's requirement.
  • Membership includes representatives from relevant government departments and pollution control boards.

• National Taskforce:

  • The Ministry has set up a National Level Taskforce for coordinated efforts to eliminate identified single-use plastic items and for the effective implementation of the Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016.

• Enforcement Measures:

  • States and UTs have been mandated to initiate regular enforcement drives to uphold the ban on single-use plastic items and on plastic carry bags with a thickness of less than 120 microns.
  • Enforcement actions include regular inspections conducted by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), State Pollution Control Boards (SPCB), Pollution Control Committees (PCC), and local authorities.

• Inspection Statistics:

  • From July 2022 to July 2025, a total of 861,740 inspections have been performed nationwide.
  • During these inspections, 1,985 tonnes of banned single-use plastic items have been seized.
  • A total of Rs. 19.82 crores has been collected as fines from violators.

• Government Commitment:

  • The government continues to prioritize the elimination of single-use plastics in alignment with environmental sustainability and public health guidelines.

This comprehensive approach reflects the government's commitment to environmental protection and responsible waste management in response to the challenges posed by plastic pollution.

Key Points:

• Establishment of Special Task Force in all 36 States/UTs.
• National Level Taskforce formed for coordinated plastic waste management efforts.
• Regular enforcement drives are mandated for compliance with the ban.
• 861,740 inspections conducted; 1,985 tonnes of banned plastics seized.
• Rs. 19.82 crores collected in fines from violations from July 2022 to July 2025.
• Ongoing commitment to environmental sustainability by the government.

Summary: Initiatives to Strengthen India's Climate Preparedness

The Government of India has introduced various initiatives aimed at enhancing the nation's resilience to climate change, spearheaded by the launch of Mission Mausam under the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES). This mission aims to create a "weather-ready and climate-smart" India by mitigating the effects of climate change and extreme weather events.

Key Initiatives Under Mission Mausam:

• Establishment of Climate Research and Services (CRS):

  • A division formed under the India Meteorological Department (IMD) in Pune.
  • Conducted a stakeholder workshop on October 5-6, 2023 to establish the National Framework of Climate Service (NFCS).

• Goals of NFCS Workshop:

  • Consolidate efforts from various climate service agencies in India.
  • Assess national baseline capacities in recognizing climate-sensitive sectors (agriculture, energy, health, water, disaster management).
  • Prepare a comprehensive mapping of stakeholders and outline their contributions.
  • Identify needs and priorities for developing tailored climate information.

• Expansion of Observational Network:

  • Enhancements in weather and climate forecasts through the deployment of advanced observation systems and computing infrastructure.
  • Integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) for improved model accuracy, particularly noted in the Multi-Model Ensemble (MME) approach adopted by IMD in 2021.

Key Outcomes and Developments:

• Introduction of Bharat Forecasting System (BharatFS):

  • The world's highest-resolution operational weather model, functioning on a 6-kilometre grid to provide localized forecasts.
  • Prior models operated at 9 km, limiting their ability to capture small-scale weather variations critical for decision-making in agriculture and disaster management.

• Climate Change Assessment Report:

  • The "Assessment of Climate Change over the Indian Region" report, made publicly accessible, synthesizes findings from climate observations and projections.

Deep Ocean Mission (DoM):

• Launched to explore underwater mineral resources beyond national jurisdiction in the Indian Ocean.

• Contracts with the International Seabed Authority (ISA) for exploration in 2002 and 2016, focusing on polymetallic nodules and sulphides.

• Findings and Developments from the DoM include:

  • Technological advancements for deep-sea exploration and environmental impact assessments.
  • Surveys discovered 1300 deep-sea organisms, leading to the identification of 23 new species and the discovery of multiple hydrothermal vent fields.

Integration of Collaborations:

• Efforts focus on collaborating with international agencies and the private sector to share expertise and technology, enhancing climate preparedness.

Importance of Mission Mausam:

• Aims to equip stakeholders, including vulnerable communities, to combat extreme weather impacts and advance India’s capability in disaster management through integrated climate services and advanced forecasting techniques.

Relevant Dates:

• October 5-6, 2023: NFCS workshop
• 2021: Introduction of MME approach and State-Wise Annual Climate Statements by IMD.

Overall Impact:

• These initiatives signify India’s commitment to advancing its infrastructure and services concerning climate prediction and management, thereby fostering a more climate-resilient future while adhering to international standards in tackling climate-related challenges.

Important Points:

• Launch of Mission Mausam to enhance climate resilience.
• Establishment of Climate Research and Services (CRS) for coordinated climate services.
• Introduction of BharatFS for high-resolution weather modeling.
• Emphasis on collaborative efforts for improved climate preparedness.
• Deep Ocean Mission aimed at exploring seabed resources and biodiversity.
• Integration of AI and ML technologies for improved climate predictions.

The Parliament discussion regarding the management of high-level radioactive waste highlights India's commitment to ensuring a safe and secure nuclear energy program. The following aspects encapsulate the key points raised and the regulatory frameworks guiding nuclear waste management in India:

Key Highlights:

• Nuclear Waste Management Priority: Safe management of nuclear waste is a pivotal aspect of India's nuclear energy strategy, designed to minimize the generation of radioactive waste.

• Closed Nuclear Fuel Cycle: India operates a closed nuclear fuel cycle in which spent fuel is reprocessed, enabling recycling of their components as fuel for future reactors.

• Vitrification Process: High-level radioactive waste from reprocessing is immobilized into glass matrices through vitrification, followed by storage in Solid Storage Surveillance Facilities (SSSF) for interim storage, aligning with International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) guidelines.

• Spent Fuel Storage System: Spent fuel is initially stored underwater in Spent Fuel Storage Bays (SFSB) at Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs) to cool down before reprocessing. These facilities are characterized by:

  • Seismic qualifications,
  • Water recirculation and filtration systems,
  • Maintained water levels for biological shielding and cooling.

• Away from Reactor (AFR) Facilities: Over the long term, spent fuel is stored in Away from Reactor (AFR) Facilities, similar in function to SFSB but greater in capacity, designed for minimal environmental and public impact.

• Legal Framework: The disposal and management of nuclear waste are governed by the Atomic Energy Act of 1962, along with amendments and the Atomic Energy (Safe Disposal of Radioactive Wastes) Rules, 1987. No radioactive waste is released into the environment without appropriate clearance.

• Management of Low & Intermediate Activity Waste: Nuclear waste with low and intermediate activity levels is treated, compacted, immobilized, and disposed of on-site in reinforced structures. Ongoing surveillance of disposal sites ensures compliance with safety standards.

• Role of Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB):

  • AERB issues authorizations for the transfer and disposal of radioactive waste.
  • Regular inspections and performance reviews are conducted to ensure compliance with authorized limits.
  • No cases of radioactive contamination from nuclear facilities have been reported over the last five years.

• Environmental Monitoring: The Environmental Survey Laboratories (ESLs) that operate under the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) are responsible for ongoing environmental assessments and public safety monitoring:

  • Baseline studies up to a 30 km radius from nuclear sites,
  • Monitoring of aquatic, atmospheric, and terrestrial domains to evaluate the impact of nuclear operations.

• Public Safety Standards: AERB specifies radiation dose limits for the public, aligning with the International Commission on Radiation Protection (ICRP) standards. The actual dose received by the public is significantly lower than the annual limit of 1 mSv prescribed by AERB.

• International Collaborations: India is part of the IAEA and the Convention on Nuclear Safety (CNS), participating in various technical and peer review meetings. However, India has not proposed new collaborations for nuclear waste management.

• Continuous Improvement and Engagement: AERB and Indian experts actively participate in international discussions, contributing to improvements in global nuclear safety standards.

Conclusion:

The Indian government, through various legislative frameworks and international cooperation, strives to maintain high standards in the management of nuclear waste, ensuring safety for both the public and the environment in line with global practices.

Important Points in Bullet Form:

• Nuclear waste management is a priority from the inception of India’s nuclear energy program.
• Closed nuclear fuel cycle involves reprocessing spent fuel for reuse.
• Vitrification immobilizes high-level radioactive waste in glass for safe storage.
• Spent Fuel Storage Bays (SFSB) are used for initial cooling of spent fuel underwater.
• Atomic Energy Act, 1962 regulates radioactive waste management.
• AERB oversees the authorization and monitoring of waste disposal.
• Environmental assessments are conducted by ESLs for ongoing public safety.
• Public radiation exposure is maintained within safe limits, far below regulatory thresholds.
• India participates in international discussions but has not proposed new collaborations on nuclear waste management.

Summary of Earthquake Risk and Building Safety Compliance in Delhi

The information on earthquake risks and building safety compliance in Delhi has been gathered from a series of initiatives and reports, particularly focusing on the findings from the "Earthquake Disaster Risk Index (EDRI) – Phase I" study, which categorizes the city and assesses its preparation against seismic activity.

• Seismic Classification:

  • Delhi is classified under Seismic Zone IV, indicating a medium level of earthquake risk.
  • The risk assessment takes into account hazard, vulnerability, and exposure factors, suggesting potential structural weaknesses.

• 2019 Findings:

  • A survey involving 84 buildings in Delhi revealed a medium level of structural vulnerability.
  • The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) initiated a project titled “Improving Earthquake Resiliency of Masonry Lifeline Structures and Upcoming Constructions,” to enhance earthquake resilience at a total cost of ₹303.33 lakhs.

• Project Implementation:

  • The NDMA collaborated with the North Delhi Municipal Corporation (NDMC) for the pilot project, which included releasing a first installment of ₹91 lakhs.
  • Of this amount, ₹35 lakhs were used for training programs and creating technical reports focused on safety audits for five public structures.
  • However, the project faced termination due to substandard reports submitted by implementing agencies, which fell short of technical expectations.

• National Building Code Compliance:

  • Compliance with the National Building Code (NBC) and respective building bye-laws is under the purview of state governments.
  • To facilitate earthquake-resilient construction, the NDMA has developed user-friendly guidelines stemming from NBC 2016, including:
    • “Home Owner’s Guide for Earthquake & Cyclone Safety (2019)”
    • “Simplified Guidelines for Earthquake Safety (2021)”

• Proactive Measures & Future Planning:

  • NDMA has also engaged various departments within the Delhi government to assess earthquake preparedness.
  • The 2nd Meeting of the Committee on Disaster Risk Reduction – Earthquake (CoDRR-Earthquake) held on April 8, 2025, discussed immediate measures for improving seismic safety and reducing vulnerabilities across various departmental parameters.

• Official Communication:

  • The information regarding these initiatives and assessments was presented by Dr. Jitendra Singh, Union Minister of State, during a Rajya Sabha session, highlighting the government's commitment to enhance disaster management protocols related to earthquakes.

Key Facts:

• Earthquake Risk Index: Delhi is categorized as a medium-risk city (EDRI - Phase I).
• Project Cost: ₹303.33 lakhs allocated for improving earthquake resilience.
• Quality Issues: Continued project stalled due to inadequate report quality.
• Guidelines Release: NDMA has issued earthquake safety guidelines (2019, 2021).
• Recent Meeting: 2nd CoDRR-Earthquake meeting on April 8, 2025.

This comprehensive overview emphasizes Delhi's susceptibility to earthquake risks and the proactive measures being taken to improve structural compliance and public safety through government initiatives.

The news article discusses significant developments regarding battery management in India, particularly the implementation of Battery Waste Management Rules, 2022, which were published by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) on August 24, 2022. These developments aim to promote a circular economy for batteries, emphasizing environmental sustainability and the role of producers in waste management.

Key Points:

• Battery Waste Management Rules, 2022: These rules establish guidelines for the environmentally sound management of various types of batteries, including:

  • Electric Vehicle batteries
  • Portable batteries
  • Automotive batteries
  • Industrial batteries

• Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR): The rules promote the EPR concept, wherein producers (including importers) are responsible for the collection, recycling, and refurbishment of waste batteries, with annual targets set against the batteries they place in the market.

• Future Requirements: Starting from the financial year 2027-28, producers must incorporate a minimum percentage of domestically recycled materials in the manufacturing of new batteries.

• EPR Portal: A centralized online EPR portal has been established to facilitate the registration of battery producers and recyclers/refurbishers, facilitate the exchange of EPR certificates, and enable these entities to file necessary returns.

• Registration Statistics: As of now, 3,664 battery producers and 442 recyclers have registered under the Battery Waste Management Rules. Producers have obtained EPR certificates corresponding to 7.29 lakh metric tonnes of essential battery metals, with a target of 10.96 lakh metric tonnes.

• Recognition of EPR Certificates: The EPR mechanism recognizes certificates generated exclusively by registered recyclers, promoting a formalized sector and creating revenue avenues through the exchange of these certificates.

• Informal Sector Support: An initiative has been launched to enhance the informal sector's capacity in recycling by forming clusters under the Micro & Small Enterprises Cluster Development (MSE-CDP) scheme initiated by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY).

• Li-ion Battery Recycling Technology: MeitY has transferred cost-effective technology for Li-ion battery recycling, developed by the Centre for Material for Electronics Technology (C-MET), to multiple recycling industries and start-ups, in line with the Mission LiFE promoting circular economy initiatives.

• Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme: The Government launched the National Programme on Advanced Chemistry Cell (ACC) Battery Storage scheme in May 2021, with an allocation of ₹18,100 Crore aiming to achieve 50 GWh of ACC manufacturing capacity. This has incentivized Indian manufacturers to establish cell production facilities.

• Expansion Beyond PLI Beneficiaries: More than ten additional companies have committed to setting up cell manufacturing units, targeting over 100 GWh of extra capacity beyond the PLI-backed initiatives.

• Collaboration for Recycling Infrastructure: On December 10, 2024, a Memorandum of Understanding was signed between organizations for technology transfer and the establishment of advanced recycling infrastructural support aimed at bolstering domestic waste recycling and securing critical mineral supplies.

• Parliamentary Mention: The information was presented by the Union Minister of State for Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Shri Kirti Vardhan Singh, in the Rajya Sabha, responding to a query regarding the progress on these initiatives.

Conclusion:

The implementation of these rules and initiatives marks a significant step towards ensuring sustainable battery waste management in India, reinforcing the government’s commitment to environmental protection and the growth of a circular economy within the battery sector. These measures, combined with technology transfers and support for both formal and informal sectors, aim to enhance recycling capabilities and avoid hazardous waste while also fostering economic growth.

Summary of Initiatives to Strengthen Climate Forecasting in India

The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) operates the Gramin Krishi Mausam Sewa (GKMS) scheme, designed to provide weather forecasts-based agrometeorological advisory services (AAS) to assist the farming community in making informed agricultural decisions. The scheme involves collaboration with key organizations such as the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), State Agricultural Universities (SAUs), and IIT.

Key Features of GKMS:

• Operational Structure:

  • 130 Agromet Field Units (AMFUs) function across 127 agroclimatic zones.
  • Medium-range weather forecasts (up to five days) for parameters like rainfall, temperature, humidity, etc., are provided at district and block levels.

• Advisory Issuance:

  • Biweekly Agromet Advisories are generated on Tuesdays and Fridays based on weather forecasts.
  • Daily weather forecasts and nowcast information are also issued.

• Impact Forecasting:

  • AMFUs prepare impact-based forecasts considering severe weather warnings issued by the National Weather Forecasting Centre (NWFC), New Delhi.

• Dissemination Channels:

  • Multi-channel systems including print and electronic media, SMS alerts, and social media platforms facilitate the dissemination of advisories.
  • Mobile apps ‘Meghdoot’ and ‘Mausam’ provide location-specific forecasts.

• Public-Private Partnerships:

  • Use of SMS-based alerts and remedial measures during severe weather is part of the initiative.

• Panchayat-level Forecasts:

  • Recently launched weather forecasts available through platforms like e-Gramswaraj and the Meri Panchayat app, covering nearly all Gram Panchayats in India.

Climate Change Research:

• The Ministry of Earth Sciences established the Centre for Climate Change Research at the IITM to assess climate change trends and develop predictive models.
• A report titled "Assessment of Climate Change over the Indian Region" outlines:
  • Global temperature rise of around 1°C since pre-industrial times affecting weather patterns worldwide.
  • Projections of nearly 5°C increase in global average temperatures if GHG emissions remain high.

Climate Change Projections for India:

• Historical Data:

  • India's average temperature rose by 0.7°C between 1901 and 2018.

• Future Projections:

  • Temperature expected to increase approximately 4.4°C by 2100 under RCP8.5 scenario.
  • Anticipated rise in frequency of heatwaves by 3-4 times, particularly affecting Indo-Gangetic and Indus river basins.

• Monsoon Patterns:

  • Summer monsoon precipitation (June-September) has declined by about 6% from 1951 to 2015.
  • Predictions indicate possible increases in frequency and intensity of drought conditions.

Agrometeorological Advisory Integration:

• AMFUs not only provide weather forecasts but also specific guidance regarding crop selection suited for local climatic conditions (e.g., drought-tolerant or pest-resistant varieties).
• Recommendations for farming practices, such as optimal sowing/harvesting times and modern irrigation techniques, support adaptation to changing climate conditions.

Data Accessibility and Public Dissemination:

• Long-term climate forecasting and projections developed using IITM Earth System Model are publicly accessible.
• Public data dissemination efforts by the Ministry of Earth Sciences enhance climate preparedness through established online platforms.

This information was relayed by Dr. Jitendra Singh, Union Minister of State for various ministries, during a recent question in the Rajya Sabha.

Important Points:

• IMD’s GKMS scheme provides farmers with weather forecasts and advisory services.
• 130 AMFUs cover diverse agro-climatic zones in India.
• Data dissemination occurs through multiple channels, including digital apps and SMS services.
• The Centre for Climate Change Research provides essential climate assessments.
• Historical analysis shows climate impacts and future projections highlight critical temperature increases.
• Emphasis on adapting agricultural practices to changing climatic conditions through targeted recommendations.

Summary:

The Government of India has initiated Mission Mausam under the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) to enhance the country's climate preparedness. This initiative aims to create a weather-ready and climate-smart approach to combat climate change impacts and strengthen community resilience. Key features include:

• Mission Mausam: Launched to address extreme weather events, enhance early warning systems, and improve climate forecasts.
• Climate Research and Services (CRS): A new division under the IMD in Pune to consolidate climate services, established during a stakeholder workshop held on October 5-6, 2023, to develop a National Framework of Climate Service (NFCS).

Workshop Objectives:

• Present progress on NFCS development.

• Engage stakeholders for collaborative efforts.

• Assess national capacities in user/provider climate services.

• Map existing capacities and outline stakeholder contributions to NFCS.

• Identify climate information needs and priorities.

• Develop a joint action plan for NFCS-India implementation.

• Capacity Building Initiatives: Enhancements in the observational network, high-resolution weather predictions, and advanced climate models to improve disaster management.

• Bharat Forecasting System (BharatFS): Newly launched operational weather model with a 6-km grid resolution, offering detailed and localized forecasts crucial for agriculture and disaster management.

• AI and ML Integration: Increases prediction accuracy and model resolution as part of climate forecasting improvements.

• IMD Developments: Adoption of a multi-model ensemble approach for rainfall and temperature forecasts and issuing State-Wise Annual Climate Statements since 2021.

• Deep Ocean Mission (DoM): Launched to explore underwater resources in international waters, focusing on Polymetallic nodules and Polymetallic sulphides. Contracts with the International Seabed Authority (ISA) allow exploration for minerals like copper and nickel.

Recent Findings and Initiatives:

• Development of technologies for marine exploration including the collection of cobalt-rich deep-sea nodules.
• Discovery of active hydrothermal vent fields and comprehensive surveys conducted by the Centre for Marine Living Resources and Ecology (CMLE) and the National Centre of Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR).
• Comprehensive climate change assessments published as open-access reports to enhance public awareness and data dissemination.

The overall progress on these initiatives underscores India's commitment to enhancing its climate adaptability and resilience against climate change and extreme weather impacts.

Key Points:

• Launch of Mission Mausam aimed at climate preparedness.
• Establishment of Climate Research and Services (CRS) in Pune and stakeholder workshop held on October 5-6, 2023.
• Development of National Framework of Climate Service (NFCS) for better decision-making in climate-sensitive sectors.
• Introduction of BharatFS, operational weather model with 6-km resolution improving localized weather forecasts.
• Adoption of Multi-Model Ensemble (MME) approach at IMD for better rainfall and temperature predictions.
• Initiation of Deep Ocean Mission (DoM) for seabed mineral exploration under contracts with International Seabed Authority (ISA).
• Exploration efforts yield development in marine technology and discoveries in deep-sea biodiversity.
• Emphasis on collaborative initiatives with international agencies to advance climate preparedness through technology exchange.
• Public outreach through climate assessments and dedicated data dissemination systems to enhance awareness and preparedness.

Summary of Earthquake Risk and Building Safety Compliance in Delhi

The Union Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, and several other departments, Dr. Jitendra Singh, provided an update in the Rajya Sabha regarding earthquake risk and building safety compliance in Delhi. Key details are as follows:

• Seismic Zone Classification: Delhi is classified under Seismic Zone IV, which poses a medium risk of earthquakes according to the Earthquake Disaster Risk Index (EDRI) study conducted in 2019. This categorization takes into consideration hazard, vulnerability, and exposure aspects.

• Structural Vulnerability Assessment: A sample survey of 84 buildings in Delhi revealed that the structural vulnerability of the built environment was also assessed as medium.

• National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) Initiatives:

  • In 2019, NDMA launched the pilot project “Improving Earthquake Resiliency of Masonry Lifeline Structures and Upcoming Constructions.” The project incurred a total cost of ₹303.33 lakhs and involved collaboration with the North Delhi Municipal Corporation (NDMC), along with the engagement of Delhi Technological University (DTU) as the technical partner.
  • This initiative included conducting a structural safety audit of five public buildings.
  • However, the project faced interruption due to the submission of unsatisfactory quality reports by the implementing agencies, failing to meet required technical standards. Only ₹35 lakhs of the first installment of ₹91 lakhs was utilized for training and capacity building.

• Compliance with National Building Code (NBC):

  • Compliance with NBC and building bye-laws is the responsibility of state governments.
  • To further earthquake-resilient building practices, NDMA has generated user-friendly guidelines based on NBC 2016, notably the “Home Owner’s Guide for Earthquake & Cyclone Safety (2019)” and “Simplified Guidelines for Earthquake Safety (2021)”. These guidelines provide practical advice on site selection, architectural design, structural integrity, and the importance of qualified professionals in safe construction.

• Disaster Risk Reduction Meetings: NDMA has actively engaged with various departments within the Government of NCT of Delhi to evaluate and enhance the city's preparedness for earthquake risk mitigation. This effort is aligned with the recommendations from the 2nd Meeting of the Committee on Disaster Risk Reduction – Earthquake (CoDRR-Earthquake) held on April 8, 2025. The meeting advised immediate measures department-wise to mitigate vulnerabilities and strengthen Delhi's seismic safety.

Important Points:

• 2019 Study: Delhi classified as medium-risk in earthquake vulnerability.
• Pilot Project: NDMA launched a ₹303.33 lakhs initiative for improving the resiliency of structures.
• Unsatisfactory Reports: Project could not proceed due to poor quality of reports from implementing agencies.
• NBC Compliance: State governments administer compliance; NDMA has developed guidelines to foster earthquake-resilient construction.
• Government Engagement: Ongoing discussions and assessments aim to improve earthquake preparedness in Delhi.

This summary provides an overview of earthquake risk management efforts and compliance in Delhi, highlighting the need for structural safety and government guidance in disaster resilience.

Summary of the Repository System for High-Level Radioactive Waste in India

The safe management of nuclear waste in India sustains high priority since the inception of its nuclear energy program. Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs) are designed to minimize radioactive waste generation and follow a closed nuclear fuel cycle. Spent fuel in India is reprocessed, with components recycled for future use, and high-level radioactive waste immobilized in an inert glass matrix through vitrification.

• Closed Nuclear Fuel Cycle: India implements a closed nuclear fuel cycle involving reprocessing spent fuel and recycling components as fuel for future reactors.
• High-Level Waste Management: High-level radioactive waste from reprocessing is stored in Solid Storage Surveillance Facilities (SSSF) following International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) guidelines.
• Research and Development: Ongoing R&D focuses on partitioning technologies for recovering long-lived radioactive constituents and incineration of actinides, reducing waste volume and potentially eliminating the need for long-term repositories in the future.

Spent fuel is stored underwater in Spent Fuel Storage Bays (SFSB) for a cooling period before reprocessing. This facility is seismically designed with continuous monitoring of water levels for biological shielding and cooling.

• Spent Fuel Storage: SFSBs are interim storage facilities designed for underwater cooling of spent fuel bundles, ensuring safety and structural integrity.
• Away from Reactor (AFR) Facilities: An additional storage option includes specially designed AFR Facilities, serving a similar purpose to SFSBs but with increased capacity.

Regulatory Framework

Nuclear waste management adheres to “The Atomic Energy Act, 1962” and subsequent amendments, as well as the Atomic Energy (Safe Disposal of Radioactive Wastes) Rules, 1987. Radioactive waste from nuclear plants is treated and disposed of on-site, ensuring no waste is released into the environment without regulatory clearance.

• Management Practices: Low and intermediate-level radioactive waste is treated, compacted, and disposed of in structures like trenches, which are continuously monitored to prevent contamination.
• Authorization by AERB: The Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) authorizes the transfer and disposal of radioactive wastes under the Atomic Energy Rules, with regular compliance checks.

During the last five years, there have been no reported cases of radioactive contamination from nuclear facilities. The Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) oversees environmental monitoring through Environmental Survey Laboratories (ESLs), providing annual reports on safety compliance that are publicly accessible.

• Public Awareness Initiatives: ESLs conduct public awareness programs to address community concerns regarding nuclear operations.

Environmental Monitoring and Safety

Environmental surveillance by ESLs ensures regulatory compliance and assesses potential impacts of nuclear operations within a 30 km radius of power plants. The AERB establishes dose limits for radiation exposure from ionizing radiations, consistent with international standards, ensuring the public is safeguarded.

• Regional Monitoring: Environmental samples are collected and analyzed to monitor radioactivity and health impacts near nuclear sites, confirming no adverse effects on public health.
• Standard Compliance: The radiation dose for people living near NPPs remains significantly below the specified limit of 1 mSv/year by AERB.

International Collaboration

India has not signed new international agreements on nuclear waste management but is a member of the IAEA, participating in technical events for knowledge sharing. It is also a contracting party to the Convention on Nuclear Safety (CNS), submitting national reports for peer review every three years.

• IAEA Engagement: Active involvement in IAEA meetings and peer reviews strengthens global safety regimes and enhances India's regulatory system through collaboration and knowledge exchange.

The information was provided by Dr. Jitendra Singh, Minister of State (Independent Charge) for various departments, including Atomic Energy, in a written reply during a session in the Rajya Sabha.

Key Points

• India's nuclear waste management strategy prioritizes safety and international standards.
• A closed fuel cycle minimizes waste and emphasizes recycling and reprocessing.
• Strict regulatory frameworks under the Atomic Energy Act ensure safe storage and disposal of radioactive materials.
• No cases of contamination have been reported in recent years.
• Continuous environmental monitoring reassures public safety and compliance with international radiation standards.

Summary: Blue Carbon Mapping Initiatives in India

The initiatives for mapping blue carbon stocks in India's mangrove regions are part of broader research and monitoring efforts aimed at understanding carbon sequestration potential. The Forest Survey of India (FSI), operating under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC), has conducted a national-level evaluation, titled ‘Estimation of Carbon Stock in Mangrove Ecosystem’. This evaluation encompasses all 12 states and Union Territories in India that host mangrove forests.

Key points from the initiative include:

• Carbon Stock Assessment: The FSI has carried out extensive assessments across various regions to quantify the carbon sequestration capabilities of mangroves. This data is pivotal for developing strategies to enhance climate resilience.

• Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs): The findings from the blue carbon assessments aid in the carbon budgeting and reporting process in line with India's commitments under the Paris Agreement. This ensures that prioritization in conservation efforts is based on empirical data regarding the ecosystem services provided by mangroves.

• Mangrove Initiative for Shoreline Habitats & Tangible Incomes (MISHTI): The information from the carbon stock assessments helps plan initiatives like the MISHTI scheme. Launched by the Government of India in collaboration with coastal States and Union Territories, MISHTI focuses on the restoration and promotion of mangroves, enhancing the sustainability of coastal ecosystems and habitats.

• Ecosystem Services and Protection: Healthy mangrove ecosystems provide vital benefits, serving as natural defenses (bio-shields) against coastal erosion and protecting coastal communities and their livelihoods. They play a crucial role in maintaining the balance of coastal ecosystems.

Dr. Jitendra Singh, the Union Minister of State (Independent Charge) for various departments including Science and Technology and Earth Sciences, provided this information during a written reply in the Rajya Sabha.

Important Sentences:

• Blue carbon stock assessments have been performed in mangrove regions of India as part of efforts to quantify carbon sequestration.
• The FSI under MoEF&CC executed a national-level assessment named ‘Estimation of Carbon Stock in Mangrove Ecosystem’.
• The assessment covered all 12 states and Union Territories with mangrove forests.
• Data from these assessments are crucial for climate resilience strategies and formulating carbon budgets under India’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).
• The government launched the Mangrove Initiative for Shoreline Habitats & Tangible Incomes (MISHTI) scheme to restore and promote mangroves.
• Healthy mangroves provide ecosystem services and serve as bio-shields protecting coastal communities and livelihoods.
• Dr. Jitendra Singh conveyed this information in a written reply in the Rajya Sabha.

The article discusses the Indian government's initiatives to enhance climate forecasting and provide agricultural advisory services. The key points and factual data are summarized as follows:

Summary:

• Gramin Krishi Mausam Sewa (GKMS):

  • A scheme run by the India Meteorological Department (IMD) that offers weather forecast-based Agrometeorological Advisory Services (AAS).
  • Collaborators include organizations like ICAR, SAUs, IITs, and NGOs.

• Objective:

  • Aims to assist farmers in making informed decisions to minimize crop damage from adverse weather and to capitalize on favorable conditions.

• Agromet Field Units (AMFUs):

  • 130 units operational across 127 agro-climatic zones in India.
  • Provide medium-term weather forecasts, including data on rainfall, temperature, humidity, and wind patterns at district and block levels.

• Advisory Dissemination:

  • Biweekly Agromet Advisories are issued every Tuesday and Friday for localized weather forecasting.
  • Additional daily forecasts and alerts are broadcasted through various media, including SMS and through apps like 'Meghdoot' and 'Mausam'.

• Impact-Based Forecasts (IBFs):

  • Prepared by AMFUs based on severe weather warnings, helping farmers take timely action.

• Panchayat-Level Forecasts:

  • New forecasts launched covering nearly all Gram Panchayats in India, accessible via digital platforms, enhancing localized weather information.

• Climate Change Studies:

  • The Ministry of Earth Sciences has established the Centre for Climate Change Research at the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM) to study climate trends and develop forecasting models.
  • A report titled "Assessment of Climate Change over the Indian Region" details that the global average temperature has risen by about 1°C since pre-industrial times.

• Projected Climate Changes in India:

  • India's average temperature has increased by approximately 0.7°C from 1901 to 2018.
  • By 2100, it is expected to rise around 4.4°C (RCP8.5 scenario).
  • Projected increases in temperatures of the warmest day (around 4.7°C) and coldest night (around 5.5°C).
  • Frequency of summer heat waves projected to be 3-4 times higher by the century's end.

• Monsoon Trends:

  • Summer monsoon precipitation has declined by 6% from 1951-2015.
  • Shift towards more frequent dry spells and intense wet spells is observed.
  • Increasing drought conditions are anticipated by 2100 under the RCP8.5 scenario.

• Agromet Advisory Content:

  • Advisory includes recommendations for crop varieties depending on climate conditions, such as drought-tolerant and flood-resistant options.
  • Guidance on farming practices including irrigation techniques, sowing, and harvesting timings to enhance resilience.

• Public Data Dissemination:

  • Climate projections and advisories are available through various government web portals, intended to improve preparedness and response strategies.

• Government and Ministry Involvement:

  • Initiatives are overseen by the Ministry of Earth Sciences and reported by Union Minister Dr. Jitendra Singh in the Rajya Sabha.

Important Points:

• IMD's GKMS assists farmers through weather forecasts and agrometeorological services.
• 130 AMFUs serve over 127 agroclimatic zones across India.
• Regular weather advisories help farmers adapt to changing climatic conditions.
• Increasing temperatures and extreme weather events such as heatwaves and droughts are projected.
• Digital platforms enhance accessibility to weather information for farmers.
• The government's ongoing research addresses climate change impacts and aids agricultural resilience.

This information provides comprehensive insights into India’s climate forecasting framework and its impact on agricultural practices, highlighting the government's proactive approach to tackle climate change challenges.

The Government of India has recently initiated several strategic initiatives to bolster the nation's climate preparedness and scientific capabilities regarding extreme weather events under the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES).

Key Initiatives and Developments:

• Mission Mausam: Launched to create a "weather-ready and climate-smart" strategy, Mission Mausam aims to mitigate the effects of climate change and enhance community resilience against extreme weather scenarios. Significant initiatives include:

  • Establishing the Climate Research and Services (CRS) division within the India Meteorological Department (IMD) in Pune to strengthen climate service capabilities.
  • Conducting a stakeholders' workshop on October 5-6, 2023, to discuss the National Framework of Climate Service (NFCS). The objectives of the workshop included:
    • Consolidating efforts of various agencies involved in climate services.
    • Assessing national-level capacities and mapping existing stakeholders.
    • Developing a joint action plan for implementing NFCS in India.

• Enhancements in Observational Network:

  • Under Mission Mausam, efforts are being made to expand observational networks and improve high-resolution weather and climate predictions.
  • IMD has implemented a Multi-Model Ensemble (MME) approach to improve monthly and seasonal forecasts since 2021.
  • The State-Wise Annual Climate Statements have been issued alongside the National Annual Climate Summary.

• Bharat Forecasting System (BharatFS): Recently introduced as the world's highest-resolution operational weather model, BharatFS operates on a 6-kilometre grid, enhancing localized weather forecast capabilities. This system allows for detailed weather predictions which are crucial for agriculture and disaster management compared to previous models operating at a 9-kilometre resolution.

• International Collaboration: Initiatives are underway to form partnerships with global agencies and the private sector to advance climate preparedness through idea and technology exchange.

• Public Outreach: The MoES published an open-access book titled “Assessment of Climate Change over the Indian Region,” providing insights on climate change impacts in India.

Deep Ocean Mission (DoM):

• The MoES has also launched the Deep Ocean Mission aimed at exploring mineral resources in areas beyond national jurisdiction. Contracts with the International Seabed Authority (ISA) include:
  • A 2002 contract for Polymetallic Nodules covering 75,000 sq. km in the Central Indian Ocean.
  • A 2016 contract for Polymetallic Sulphides (PMS) over 10,000 sq. km on the Indian Ocean Ridge.
• Findings include the development of technologies for submersibles and the collection of cobalt-rich polymetallic nodules from the Andaman Sea and mapping vulnerability of coastal areas due to climate change.

Research and Surveys:

• The Centre for Marine Living Resources and Ecology has conducted biodiversity surveys, leading to the discovery of new deep-sea species and conducting genomic analyses.
• The National Centre of Polar and Ocean Research reported findings from deep-ocean surveys, including numerous discoveries of hydrothermal vent fields and mineralized zones rich in minerals.

Conclusion:

The initiatives initiated by the Indian government signify a comprehensive approach towards enhancing the country’s climate preparedness and scientific capabilities in weather forecasting and resource exploration. Enhanced observational capabilities, strategic frameworks, international collaborations, and proactive research activities highlight the nation's commitment to addressing the challenges posed by climate change.

Important Points:

• Launch of Mission Mausam for climate resilience.
• Establishment of Climate Research and Services (CRS) division, with the NFCS workshop held on October 5-6, 2023.
• Introduction of BharatFS for high-resolution weather forecasting.
• Expansion of international collaboration and public outreach on climate change.
• Launch of Deep Ocean Mission focused on underwater resource exploration.
• Numerous discoveries in marine biodiversity and mineral resources through ongoing research initiatives.

Summary of the Article on Earthquake Risk and Building Safety in Delhi

The article highlights the earthquake risk assessment and related government initiatives targeting building safety in Delhi, which is situated in Seismic Zone IV, indicating moderate earthquake potential. This information was conveyed during a question session in the Rajya Sabha by Union Minister Dr. Jitendra Singh.

Key Points:

• Earthquake Risk Assessment:

  • Delhi was classified in the study "Earthquake Disaster Risk Index (EDRI) – Phase I" (completed in 2019) as a medium-risk city concerning earthquake hazards, vulnerabilities, and exposures.
  • A sample survey involving 84 buildings assessed the structural vulnerability in Delhi and classified it as medium.

• Government Initiatives:

  • In 2019, the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) kicked off a pilot initiative titled “Improving Earthquake Resiliency of Masonry Lifeline Structures and Upcoming Constructions” with a budget of ₹303.33 lakhs.
  • The project was executed in collaboration with the North Delhi Municipal Corporation (NDMC) and included a structural safety audit of five public buildings.
  • The NDMC engaged the Delhi Technological University (DTU) as a technical partner.

• Project Funding and Challenges:

  • An initial installment of ₹91 lakhs was disbursed for the project, of which approximately ₹35 lakhs were allocated for training, capacity building, and technical report preparation.
  • The progress of the project has been hampered due to poor quality in reports from implementing agencies which failed to meet the technical standards, resulting in halting further activities.

• Compliance with Safety Standards:

  • The responsibility of adhering to the National Building Code (NBC) and building bye-laws falls under state jurisdiction.
  • To cultivate earthquake-resistant construction, NDMA has formulated simplified user-friendly guidelines aligned with the NBC 2016. Key documents include:
    • "Home Owner’s Guide for Earthquake & Cyclone Safety (2019)"
    • "Simplified Guidelines for Earthquake Safety (2021)"
  • These guidelines offer insights on site selection, architectural design, structural safety, and the necessity for qualified professionals during construction.

• Government Engagement:

  • The NDMA initiated a collaborative effort with various departments within the Government of the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi to evaluate the city's efficacy in mitigating earthquake risks.
  • This assessment was part of the 2nd Meeting of the Committee on Disaster Risk Reduction – Earthquake (CoDRR-Earthquake), convened on April 8, 2025, where immediate department-wise measures were proposed to enhance seismic safety in Delhi.

This summary encapsulates the data-driven insights about earthquake risks in Delhi, government initiatives aimed at enhancing building safety, and the measures taken to improve compliance with building standards, thus emphasizing the need for effective disaster risk management strategies in the region.

Summary of the Parliamentary Discussion on Nuclear Waste Repository System in India

On November 22, 2023, Dr. Jitendra Singh, the Union Minister of State for Various Departments, provided a comprehensive account in the Rajya Sabha regarding India’s approach to the management of high-level radioactive waste generated from nuclear power plants (NPPs). The discussion highlighted India's commitment to ensuring the safe management of nuclear waste as an integral part of its national nuclear energy policy.

Key Highlights:

• Nuclear Waste Management Strategy:

  • India adopts a closed nuclear fuel cycle, whereby domestic spent fuel is reprocessed, with the majority being recycled as fuel for future reactors.
  • High-level radioactive waste generated during reprocessing is disposed of through vitrification, a process that immobilizes waste in an inert glass matrix.

• Storage Facilities:

  • Interim storage is managed in Solid Storage Surveillance Facilities which are designed to meet international standards as per IAEA guidelines.
  • Spent fuel is initially stored underwater in Spent Fuel Storage Bays (SFSB) before eventual transfer to reprocessing plants.
  • For long-term storage, Away from Reactor (AFR) Facilities are utilized, which are designed to have no adverse impact on personnel, public, or the environment.

• Legal Framework:

  • Management of nuclear waste is governed by “The Atomic Energy Act, 1962” and the Atomic Energy (Safe Disposal of Radioactive Wastes) Rules, 1987.
  • The regulations dictate that no waste is released into the environment unless it is cleared through appropriate procedures.

• Operational Surveillance:

  • The Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) oversees the regulatory compliance regarding waste management, ensuring no radioactive contamination has been reported from NPPs over the past five years.
  • Environmental monitoring is conducted by Environmental Survey Laboratories (ESLs), which regularly assess the impact of NPP operations on surrounding areas.

• Health and Safety Regulations:

  • AERB provides set radiation dose limits for public exposure, aligned with the International Commission for Radiation Protection (ICRP), with actual exposure being significantly below the 1 mSv/year limit.

• International Cooperation:

  • While India is a member of the IAEA and participates in international safety and technical meetings, it has not signed new international collaborations for nuclear waste management.
  • India contributes to the Convention on Nuclear Safety (CNS) and frequently engages in peer reviews of nuclear plant safety.

• Public Engagement and Awareness:

  • ESLs organize periodic public awareness programs to address community concerns regarding nuclear safety and environmental impacts around operational NPPs.

This overview underscores India’s proactive measures in the realm of nuclear waste management, revealing the systematic approach taken to protect public health and the environment, in line with international norms.

Important Points:

• India employs a closed nuclear fuel cycle and vitrification for high-level waste management.
• Spent fuel is stored underwater; long-term storage takes place in specially designed AFR facilities.
• The regulatory framework includes the Atomic Energy Act, 1962, and has stringent safety rules under AERB.
• Continuous monitoring ensures no reported contamination from nuclear facilities over five years.
• Public exposure to radiation from NPPs remains significantly below AERB's specified limits.
• India remains active in international nuclear safety collaborations through IAEA, without signing new agreements for waste management.
• ESLs play a critical role in monitoring environmental compliance and public awareness.

This structured management of nuclear waste represents India's commitment to sustainable and safe nuclear energy practices.

Summary of Parliament Question on Climate Forecasting Initiatives

The Indian government, through the India Meteorological Department (IMD), has implemented several initiatives to enhance climate forecasting which are crucial for agronomic practices amidst changing climate conditions.

Key Initiatives under Gramin Krishi Mausam Sewa (GKMS):

• GKMS Scheme: This program provides weather forecast-based advisory services for farmers, aiming to minimize losses from adverse weather and optimize agricultural operations.

• Agromet Field Units (AMFUs): There are 130 AMFUs operational across 127 agro-climatic zones in India, collaborating with organizations like ICAR, IIT, and various state agriculture departments.

• Weather Forecasts: IMD offers medium-range forecasts for temperature, rainfall, humidity, and other weather parameters for the upcoming five days at district and block levels.

• Agromet Advisories: Issued bi-weekly (every Tuesday and Friday) based on forecasts, these advisories guide farmers in decision-making related to their crops and operations.

• Dissemination Channels: Forecasts are communicated through multiple channels, including SMS alerts, social media, and various digital platforms, ensuring broad accessibility to farmers.

• Panchayat-Level Forecasts: IMD has partnered with the Ministry of Panchayati Raj to provide localized forecasts accessible via digital services, covering nearly all Gram Panchayats in India.

Climate Studies and Research:

• Ministry of Earth Sciences Initiatives: The government has set up the Centre for Climate Change Research at IITM to conduct studies on climate change, developing models for more effective climate projections.

• Assessment Report: A report titled "Assessment of Climate Change Over the Indian Region" highlights that global temperatures have risen by approximately 1°C since pre-industrial times, significantly affecting weather patterns and climate extremes.

• Projected Temperature Increases: Models suggest that if greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions continue at current rates, global temperatures may increase by around 5°C by the century's end. For India, average temperatures could rise by approximately 4.4°C relative to the 1976-2005 baseline.

• Increased Frequency of Extremes: The frequency of summer heat waves in India is projected to increase 3-4 times by the end of the century under the RCP8.5 scenario, with growing incidences of droughts and alterations in rainfall patterns.

• Adaptation Strategies: Farmers receive targeted recommendations within the agromet advisories, including the selection of climate-resilient crop varieties and optimal farming practices for mitigating adverse conditions.

Technological Enhancements:

• Mobile Applications and Social Media: Farmers can access weather forecasts and advisories through mobile apps like 'Meghdoot' and 'Mausam', as well as via platforms like WhatsApp for real-time updates.

• Public Data Dissemination: The Ministry of Earth Sciences provides access to climate data through dedicated platforms to help in climate preparedness and resilience building for the agricultural community.

Conclusion:

The initiatives undertaken by IMD and associated government entities reflect a comprehensive approach to enhancing climate forecasting and agricultural advisories, vital for improving agricultural resilience amid climate change. The strategy emphasizes leveraging technology for effective information dissemination, while continuously updating climate studies to inform policy and practice in the agricultural sector.

Important Points:

• GKMS scheme provides weather forecasts to assist farmers.
• 130 AMFUs operate across 127 agro-climatic zones in India.
• IMD offers five-day weather forecasts and biweekly agromet advisories.
• Multi-channel dissemination methods ensure farmers receive vital weather updates.
• Panchayat-level weather forecasts launched for localized decision-making.
• Climate change assessments indicate significant temperature rise and weather extremes.
• Projections predict up to a 4.4°C rise in India's temperature by the century's end.
• Adaptation strategies part of advisories include resilient crop selection and optimized farming practices.
• Use of technology, such as mobile apps and social media, enhances access to information for farmers.
• Public data systems help in climate preparedness and resilience in agricultural practices.

Summary: Strengthening India’s Climate Preparedness through New Initiatives

The Government of India has launched several initiatives aimed at bolstering the country's preparedness for climate change and extreme weather events in an endeavor to create a "weather-ready and climate-smart" nation. Key highlights are outlined below:

• Mission Mausam (Launched by MoES):

  • Objective: Enhance climate resilience through better weather forecasts and early warning systems.
  • Concept Development: A stakeholder workshop was held from October 5-6, 2023, to formulate the National Framework of Climate Service (NFCS).
  • Goals of the Workshop:
    • Discuss and consolidate efforts of various climate service agencies in India.
    • Gather input from stakeholders to enhance decision-making for climate-sensitive sectors such as agriculture, health, and disaster management.
    • Assess the current capacity of climate service providers and users.
    • Define the contribution of stakeholders to the development of NFCS.

• Climate Research and Services (CRS):

  • Established under the India Meteorological Department (IMD) in Pune to improve climate services.
  • Initiatives include expanding observational networks to enhance climate predictions and projections.

• Technological Advancements:

  • Deployment of next-generation observation systems, high-performance computing, and advanced Earth system models.
  • Integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) to improve prediction accuracy.
  • Notable developments include the Bharat Forecasting System (BharatFS), which operates on a high-resolution 6-kilometer grid, significantly improving localized weather forecasting capabilities.

• IMD Initiatives:

  • The Multi-Model Ensemble (MME) approach, adopted in 2021, enhances the accuracy of seasonal forecasts for temperature and rainfall.
  • The IMD has also started issuing State-Wise Annual Climate Statements since 2021 alongside its National Annual Climate Summary.

• International Collaboration:

  • Missions include partnerships with various international agencies and the private sector to share technologies, improve climate preparedness, and foster innovation.

• Research Publications:

  • The Ministry of Earth Sciences has published an open-access book titled "Assessment of Climate Change over the Indian Region," detailing climate changes in India with advanced data dissemination tools to the public.

• Deep Ocean Mission (DoM):

  • This mission focuses on exploring underwater mineral resources in the Indian Ocean beyond national jurisdiction.
  • Seabed exploration contracts include searches for polymetallic nodules and sulphides, vital for obtaining precious metals.
  • Significant findings include the development of technologies for seafloor exploration and collection of deep-sea resources.

• Environmental Impact Assessments:

  • Conducting under the approved plans by the International Seabed Authority (ISA) to monitor environmental implications of deep-sea mining.

• Discovery in Marine Biology:

  • The Centre for Marine Living Resources and Ecology has identified about 1300 deep-sea organisms, and the National Centre of Polar and Ocean Research has uncovered active hydrothermal vent fields along with two mineralized zones.

The initiatives stand as transformative measures to enhance India’s capability to forecast weather and climate effectively, ensuring that these advancements reach every part of the country, thereby fostering a climate-resilient future.

Key Points:

• Launch of Mission Mausam under the MoES.
• National Framework of Climate Service (NFCS) workshop held in October 2023.
• Climate Research and Services (CRS) division established.
• Bharat Forecasting System (BharatFS) enhances weather prediction resolution.
• Multi-Model Ensemble (MME) strategy adopted by IMD.
• Collaboration with international agencies and the private sector for better climate preparedness.
• Deep Ocean Mission explores seabed resources for minerals.
• Significant marine biotic discoveries aiding scientific research.

Summary of Earthquake Risk and Building Safety Compliance in Delhi

A parliamentary question addressed issues related to earthquake preparedness and building safety in Delhi, highlighting findings from the "Earthquake Disaster Risk Index (EDRI) – Phase I" study conducted in 2019. This study categorized Delhi as a medium-risk city for earthquakes, due to its classification under Seismic Zone IV. The assessment considered factors such as hazard, vulnerability, and exposure.

Key information regarding earthquake risk and management in Delhi includes:

• Earthquake Risk Classification:

  • Delhi is classified as a medium-risk city based on the EDRI study completed in 2019.
  • A survey of 84 buildings indicated that the structural vulnerability of the built environment in Delhi is also medium.

• National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) Initiatives:

  • In 2019, NDMA launched a pilot project titled “Improving Earthquake Resiliency of Masonry Lifeline Structures and Upcoming Constructions” with a budget of ₹303.33 lakhs, in collaboration with the North Delhi Municipal Corporation (NDMC).
  • This project included a structural safety audit of five public buildings, but progress was stalled due to poor quality reports not meeting technical standards from implementing agencies.

• Project Financial Details:

  • The NDMC received ₹91 lakhs as the first instalment of the project funds.
  • About ₹35 lakhs of this amount was utilized for training, capacity building, and technical report preparation.

• Compliance with National Building Code (NBC):

  • Building safety compliance falls under the jurisdiction of state governments. However, NDMA has developed user-friendly guidelines based on the NBC 2016 to promote earthquake-resilient constructions.
  • Key resources developed include:
    • “Home Owner’s Guide for Earthquake & Cyclone Safety (2019)”
    • “Simplified Guidelines for Earthquake Safety (2021)”
  • These guidelines focus on practical elements of safe construction such as site selection, architectural design, structural safety, and the need for qualified oversight.

• Government Engagement and Preparedness Assessment:

  • NDMA has collaborated with various departments of the Government of NCT of Delhi to evaluate the city’s preparedness for earthquake risk mitigation.
  • The evaluation took place during the 2nd Meeting of the Committee on Disaster Risk Reduction – Earthquake (CoDRR-Earthquake) held on April 8, 2025. Measures were recommended for immediate implementation to enhance seismic safety and reduce vulnerabilities in Delhi.

• Government Representation:

  • This information was communicated in a written reply in the Rajya Sabha by Dr. Jitendra Singh, the Union Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, and other related departments.

Important Points:

• Delhi is categorized as a medium-risk city for earthquakes under EDRI.
• NDMA’s pilot project on earthquake resiliency faced challenges due to quality control issues.
• Compliance with building codes is primarily a state responsibility, assisted by national guidelines.
• The NDMA has made efforts to engage local governments for better disaster preparedness.
• Recent recommendations emphasize immediate measures for improving earthquake resilience in Delhi.

The recent parliamentary question addressed the blue carbon mapping initiatives in India, particularly focusing on the assessment of carbon stock in mangrove ecosystems. Here’s a comprehensive summary of the information reported:

Blue Carbon Mapping Initiatives in India

• Objective: The initiative aims to quantify the carbon sequestration potential of mangrove forests across India.

• Conducting Authority: The Forest Survey of India (FSI), operating under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC), is spearheading this effort.

• Assessment Coverage: The national-level assessment, titled ‘Estimation of Carbon Stock in Mangrove Eco-system’, encompassed all 12 states and Union Territories where mangrove forests are present.

• Importance of Data: The gathered data from blue carbon assessments is crucial for:

  • Formulating climate resilience strategies.
  • Supporting carbon budgeting and reporting in line with India’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).
  • Identifying priority conservation areas crucial for maintaining ecosystem services.

• Government Schemes: The findings are significant for initiatives like:

  • Mangrove Initiative for Shoreline Habitats & Tangible Incomes (MISHTI): Launched by the Government of India in collaboration with coastal States and Union Territories, this scheme focuses on:
    • Restoration and promotion of mangrove forests.
    • Preservation and enhancement of coastal ecosystem sustainability.

• Environmental Impact: Healthy mangrove ecosystems serve as natural bio-shields, providing protection to coastal communities and safeguarding livelihoods against environmental threats.

• Statement from Official: This information was presented in a written response by Dr. Jitendra Singh, who holds the position of Union Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, and other departments, during the Rajya Sabha session.

This response by the government underlines the strategic emphasis placed on mangrove ecosystems in relation to climate change mitigation and sustainable coastal management.

Key Points:

• Blue Carbon Initiatives: Focus on carbon sequestration assessment in mangroves.
• FSI's Assessment: Conducted nationwide across 12 states and Union Territories.
• Importance of Findings: Integral for climate resilience strategies and NDCs compliance.
• MISHTI Scheme: Promotes mangrove restoration and ecosystem sustainability.
• Protective Role of Mangroves: Acts as natural barriers for coastal communities.
• Official Statement: Shared by Dr. Jitendra Singh in Rajya Sabha, indicating government transparency and focus on climate initiatives.

This overview underscores the alignment of India’s environmental policies with global climate commitments while emphasizing the ecological significance of mangrove forests.