The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change in India has introduced significant reforms aimed at strengthening environmental compliance and auditing through the establishment of a new independent class of "environment auditors." This initiative is encapsulated within the newly promulgated Environment Audit Rules, 2025. Here are the key aspects and implications of this development:

• Introduction of Environment Auditors: New rules enable the creation of a class of independent "environment auditors" to supplement the existing efforts of State Pollution Control Boards (PCBs) in monitoring environmental compliance.

• Role of Accredited Agencies: Private accredited agencies are permitted to conduct environmental impact assessments (EIA), which will be appraised by expert committees to ensure compliance.

• Licensing and Accreditation: Similar to chartered accountants, these environmental auditors will be licensed to evaluate whether projects adhere to environmental laws and best practices regarding pollution prevention, control, and abatement.

• Current Regulatory Framework: The ministry acknowledged that the existing regulatory frameworks, including oversight by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and Regional Offices, are hampered by a lack of manpower, resources, and infrastructure. This has hindered effective enforcement of environmental laws across numerous projects and industries in India.

• Objectives of the New Scheme: The primary aim is to bridge the existing gaps in manpower and infrastructure at regulatory bodies, thereby enhancing the implementation of compliance mechanisms. It seeks to foster transparency, accountability, and credibility in environmental governance, bolstering trust among stakeholders.

• Green Credit Rules Compliance: Audits conducted by these new agencies will also facilitate compliance with Green Credit Rules, which enable individuals and organizations to earn tradeable credits for sustainable practices, such as afforestation, water management, and waste management.

• Compliance Monitoring Standards: The auditors will ensure compliance with various environmental regulations, including Ecomark Rules (2024), E-Waste Management Rules (2022), Plastic Waste Management Rules (2016), and Battery Waste Management Rules (2022), along with the Van (Sanrakshan Evam Samvardhan) Adhiniyam, 1980, and the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.

• Gazette Notification: The accompanying gazette notification detailing these rules was published on August 29, with implementation reported on September 4, 2025.

This initiative marks a substantial shift towards bolstering the environmental compliance landscape in India by leveraging the capabilities of private sector auditors, thereby addressing the challenges faced by government bodies in monitoring and ensuring adherence to environmental laws. This move is aligned with the global emphasis on sustainable development and environmental responsibility.

Important Points Summary:

• The Environment Ministry has established a new class of “environment auditors” under the Environment Audit Rules, 2025.
• Private accredited agencies can conduct environmental impact assessments with expert committee appraisal.
• Licensed environment auditors will evaluate compliance with environmental laws and best practices.
• Existing regulatory frameworks are constrained by insufficient manpower and resources.
• The new scheme aims to improve monitoring, transparency, accountability, and trust in environmental governance.
• Audits can support compliance with Green Credit Rules, awarding tradeable credits for sustainable activities.
• The auditors will oversee compliance with multiple environmental regulations and acts.
• The gazette notification for these rules was issued on August 29, 2025.

In August 2023, Punjab experienced severe flooding, marking its worst disaster since 1988, due to overflowing waters from the Sutlej, Beas, and Ravi rivers, affecting multiple villages. Concurrently, Kashmir and parts of Pakistan faced intense rainfall, resulting in at least 34 fatalities. A notable incident was the complete disappearance of the village of Dharali in Uttarkashi district, Uttarakhand, due to landslides triggered by extreme weather.

Key concerns surrounding these disasters relate to their attribution to climate change and development practices in the Indian Himalayan region, a recurrent theme observed during past catastrophes like the 2013 Kedarnath floods and the 2021 Chamoli disaster. Experts argue that labeling every extreme weather event simply as a "cloudburst" oversimplifies the reality, as many of these natural disasters emerge from a combination of climate change factors and human intervention.

Noteworthy observations:

• Expert Commentary: Arun B. Shreshta from ICIMOD emphasizes that the Himalayan mountains' young and unstable characteristics render them vulnerable to floods and landslides.
• Judicial Concern: Chief Justice B.R. Gavai remarked on the apocalyptic visuals of logs floating in the flood waters, highlighting the dire environmental implications.
• The Supreme Court, in a July 18 ruling, discussed the potential for severe ecological degradation in regions like Himachal Pradesh and called for a reevaluation of development policies that prioritize economic gain over ecological sustainability.

Government Responding Initiatives:

• The Indian government is investing in infrastructure projects in these regions, with 1,144 hydropower plants under various stages of development in Himachal Pradesh and 40 operational plants in Uttarakhand, along with additional projects pending approval.
• However, experts caution that this rapid infrastructure expansion disregards the necessary environmental assessments and contributes significantly to disaster risks.

The effects of this construction on the climate landscape are palpable:

• Rising Average Temperatures: The Indian Himalayan region is warming faster than the global average, leading to diminished snowfall and increased glacier melt, consequently risking the formation of glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs).
• There were over 25,000 classified glacial lakes as of 2018, heightening the risk for downstream populations.

Experts advocate for a paradigm shift in how development is approached in the mountains, stressing the importance of conducting social and disaster impact assessments before any construction endeavors. Local communities should be engaged in this process, as their understanding of the landscape and inherent hazards is crucial.

Key Recommendations:

• Infrastructure planning must consider climatic variations and disaster potential, integrating nature-based solutions.
• Essential facilities, including hospitals and schools, should not be constructed in disaster-prone areas.
• Climate literacy among locals is essential to foster informed self-governance in resource management and disaster preparedness.

Consequences of Tourism: Increased tourism drives land demand to create accommodations ("homestays," hotels), consequently leading to further deforestation. The loss of native deodar trees exacerbates soil erosion, increasing the risk of landslides and causing downstream flood hazards.

Summary Points:

• Punjab experienced its worst flooding in August 2023 due to overflowing rivers, with severe impacts noted in Uttarkashi’s Dharali village.
• There is a call for scrutiny of development practices that obscure the impact of climate change on natural disasters.
• The Supreme Court has raised alarms over future ecological disasters unless sustainable practices are adopted.
• Government infrastructure projects and tourism growth may worsen existing vulnerabilities in the Himalayan region.
• Essential shifts toward sustainable development must prioritize environmental assessments and local community involvement.

On September 3, 2025, the Yamuna River in Delhi reached a critical level of 207.39 meters, leading to severe flooding that affected thousands of residents and significantly disrupted daily life across the national capital. This marked the fifth significant flood event since 1963 when the river breached the 207-meter mark.

Key Points:

• Flood Levels: As of September 3, the Yamuna River rose to 207.39 meters by 8 p.m., with expectations for further increases. In comparison, the river had reached 208.66 meters during significant flooding in 2023, surpassing the previous highest level of 207.49 meters noted in 1978.

• Impact on Infrastructure: The floods inundated homes and businesses, particularly affecting the Nigambodh Ghat, Delhi’s oldest cremation ground, which had to cease operations for the day due to water ingress. The Geeta Colony crematorium also faced flooding, forcing staff to conduct cremations in alternative locations.

• Evacuations and Relief Efforts:

  • Approximately 8,018 individuals were temporarily relocated to tents, and 2,030 were moved to 13 permanent shelters, indicating extensive displacement.
  • The government established relief efforts across 38 locations with 522 tents set up to host affected individuals.
  • The National Disaster Response Force (NDRF), along with local police and fire services, was deployed for rescue operations and to facilitate the evacuation of families stranded due to floodwaters.

• Safety Measures: All 13 regulator drains in Delhi were closed to prevent backflow into the city, indicating a proactive approach to flood management. The Delhi government was collaborating with the Uttar Pradesh Irrigation and Flood Control Department to manage water discharge from the Okhla Barrage effectively.

• Public Health Concerns: Local authorities emphasized the need to spray insecticides in affected areas to avert outbreaks of mosquito-borne diseases due to standing water. The Chairperson of the Standing Committee in the Municipal Corporation of Delhi directed the public health department to carry out these preventive measures.

• Traffic Disruptions: The Delhi Traffic Police issued advisories concerning diversions in traffic flow due to the rising water levels of the Yamuna, especially affecting the Outer Ring Road and other connecting routes. Heavy congestion was anticipated as a result of the situation.

• Personal Accounts: Residents shared their experiences, such as shopkeeper Anup Thapa, who had to evacuate goods amidst the rising water. Families displaced from slum areas expressed dire living conditions, underscoring the urgent need for infrastructure improvements to prevent future flooding.

• Animal Rescues: Animal welfare activists reported rescuing injured stray animals from flooding areas, highlighting the broader community efforts amid the disaster.

Historical Context:

• Previous significant flood events were recorded in 2010 (207.11 meters), 2013 (207.32 meters), and the catastrophic situation in 2023 which required the evacuation of over 25,000 people. Each event has contributed to the ongoing challenge of flood management in the national capital.

This widespread flooding demonstrates the vulnerabilities faced by urban areas in dealing with natural disasters, necessitating improved infrastructure, regular maintenance of drainage systems, and effective governmental coordination to provide immediate relief and long-term solutions to mitigate such occurrences in the future.

The article discusses the curtain raiser event for COP-30 (Conference of the Parties) held in Kolkata, emphasizing the urgent need for concerted action on climate change, particularly regarding ecologically sensitive areas like the Sundarbans and Darjeeling in West Bengal. The following points summarize the key aspects of the article:

• Event Details: The curtain raiser for COP-30 was held in Kolkata, focusing on urgent global actions needed for ecologically vulnerable regions.

• Key Speaker: Debasish Kumar, Kolkata Municipal Corporation Member Mayor in Councils (MMIC) and MLA, highlighted the critical situation in the Sundarbans and stressed the rising threats of climate change leading to loss of lives and livelihoods.

• COP-30 Timeline: The upcoming 2025 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP-30) is scheduled for November 10-21 in Belém, Brazil.

• Focus Areas: This year's conference aims to transform spoken commitments into practical actions, particularly emphasizing climate finance and local interventions.

• Geographic Context: The Sundarbans region, home to over five million people in West Bengal and around 12 million when including the Bangladesh side, is highly vulnerable to rising sea levels and erosion due to climate change.

• Immediate Concerns: Kumar warned that climate change poses a severe risk to Kolkata, located only about 100 kilometers from the Sundarbans, which could potentially lead to the city disappearing underwater if action is not taken.

• Call for Action: The article urges for more support from international platforms and the central government to help local governments and climate groups implement effective measures against climate change.

• Technological and Financial Support: There is a call for advanced technology and financial assistance from global stakeholders to counteract climate threats.

• Ecosystem Protection: There is a consensus among activists and scientists on the urgent need to declare special status for the unique mangrove ecosystem of the Sundarbans. This will ensure that its ecological sensitivities are recognized and addressed in global discussions.

• Inclusion in Global Forums: Activists mentioned that the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) does not include the Sundarbans, which limits the region's representation in international climate dialogues.

• Interconnected Issues: Professor Abhijit Chatterjee pointed out the necessity to address climate change and air pollution as interrelated issues rather than as separate challenges, advocating for unified policies.

The event is an important precursor to COP-30, highlighting the critical need for action on climate issues in specific regions like the Sundarbans and addressing the challenges faced by vulnerable communities amid the ongoing climate crisis.

Key Takeaways:

• Urgent call for global action on climate change, especially in ecologically vulnerable areas.
• COP-30 scheduled for November 10-21, 2025, in Belém, Brazil, focusing on practical climate finance.
• Sundarbans facing severe risks, with over 5 million people directly affected.
• Emphasis on the need for technological and financial aid for local climate initiatives.
• Calls for special status for Sundarbans mangroves in international climate discussions.
• Recognition of the interconnectedness of climate change and air pollution.

The recent study published in Nature challenges the prevailing assumptions regarding geological carbon storage, an important strategy in combating climate change. The research emphasizes the finite nature of CO2 storage capacities, which may significantly impact global climate policies and strategies.

Key Highlights:

• Geological Carbon Storage: This process captures CO2 emissions from sources like power plants and injects it into deep rock formations for long-term storage.

• Capacity Limit: The study asserts that the Earth can safely hold only about 1,460 billion tonnes of CO2 underground, contrary to earlier estimates of 11,800 billion tonnes. This drastic reduction indicates that resources for carbon storage are limited and should not be regarded as infinite.

• Research Methodology: Researchers from Europe, the UK, and the US developed a global map of sedimentary basins, identifying suitable locations for CO2 storage while excluding:

  • Areas near earthquake zones
  • Polar regions
  • Biodiversity hotspots
  • Locations with practical constraints such as inadequate storage depth or offshore drilling limitations

• Impact on Climate Strategies: The research warns that overreliance on geological storage could undermine effective climate strategies, compelling countries to reduce emissions promptly and treat carbon storage as a limited resource.

• Temperature Reversal Limit: The study indicates that the maximum potential temperature reversal through carbon storage would be about 0.7º C, underscoring that while carbon storage can aid in climate mitigation, it cannot singularly address global warming.

• Global Disparity in Storage Capacities: The research highlights unequal distribution of CO2 storage capacities, with higher capacities found in Russia, the US, and Saudi Arabia, while countries like India and several European nations possess significantly less capacity.

• Recommendations for Global Climate Policy:

  • Governments should plan with precise knowledge of CO2 storage limits.
  • The study encourages prioritizing emission cuts over reliance on carbon storage.
  • Emphasis on rapid transitions to renewable energy sources, industrial changes, and the conservation of natural carbon sinks remains crucial.

• Acknowledgment of Limitations: The authors note the study's limitation in not considering challenges in scaling up carbon capture and storage technology or potential advancements in related technologies in the future.

Conclusion:

The study’s findings underscore the necessity for a paradigm shift in climate strategies, advocating for immediate emission reductions over dependence on geological carbon storage. It highlights the urgent need for coherent global policies that recognize both the potential and limitations of carbon capture and storage technologies.

Important Sentences:

• The Earth’s safe CO2 storage capacity is estimated at 1,460 billion tonnes.
• Earlier estimates of capacity were around 11,800 billion tonnes.
• The research emphasizes the finite nature of underground storage and its implications for climate strategy.
• The study found that the maximum temperature reversal through storage is only about 0.7º C.
• There is a significant disparity in CO2 storage capacities among countries.
• Immediate emission cuts remain the most viable solution to combating climate change.

Summary of Coimbatore Corporation's Sewage Treatment Plant Proposal

Coimbatore Corporation has put forth a plan to construct a Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) aimed at addressing wastewater issues in proximity to Coimbatore International Airport. This initiative comes as a response to increasing complaints about untreated sewage causing foul odors across the airport and surrounding residential areas, and the resultant environmental and health hazards.

Key Details:

• Proposal Initiation: The proposal for the STP was made public on September 4, 2025.
• Location: The STP is proposed to be built on an identified area of approximately 29 cents of land, located near a natural drain flowing through the airport premises.
• Drainage Issues: A natural drain entering from the north fails to function efficiently due to the accumulation of plastic and solid waste, leading to blockages. The drain meanders eastward, traversing Kurumbapalayam before discharging into Kolathur tank.

Related Concerns:

• Existing STP Malfunction: The local Councillor, K. Manian, highlighted that an existing STP for Poonga Nagar and Brindhavan Nagar is non-functional due to land acquisition for airport expansion, resulting in untreated sewage stagnation on open land.
• Health and Environmental Impact: The untreated sewage problem has been an ongoing issue for residents, prompting repeated complaints to civic authorities concerning hygienic conditions.

Funding and Implementation:

• Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): Corporation Commissioner M. Sivaguru Prabakaran indicated that discussions are ongoing with airport authorities regarding financial support via CSR for establishing a new STP with a capacity of 2 Mega Liters per Day (MLD).
• Separate STP Project: An additional STP is being planned at an estimated cost of ₹4.6 crore specifically to manage underground drainage from neighboring areas such as Poonga Nagar and Brindhavan Nagar. The funds for this project will be sourced from the land acquisition authority, with tenders expected to be released shortly.

Implications:

• Enhancement of Waste Management: The construction of the STP is anticipated to significantly improve waste management in the region by ensuring that only treated wastewater exits the airport channel.
• Public Health: Enhanced sewage treatment is expected to ameliorate the odor complaints and overall sanitation in the area, thus positively impacting public health.

Key Points:

• STP Proposal Date: September 4, 2025.
• Location of STP: Around 29 cents of land near Coimbatore International Airport.
• Current Drainage Problems: Blockage of natural drain due to accumulation of waste.
• Existing STP Failure: Malfunctioning facility due to land acquisition for expansion.
• Funding Sources: Potential CSR support for new STP; additional ₹4.6 crore STP project funded by land acquisition authority.
• Expected Outcomes: Improvement in sanitation, reduction of foul odors, and enhanced public health risks management.

Heavy rains and floods have significantly impacted northern India, particularly affecting Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Jammu and Kashmir (J&K), and Chhattisgarh on September 3, 2025.

Summary:

• Casualties and Damages:

  • Himachal Pradesh reported 11 deaths due to rain-induced landslides in the last 24 hours, while total fatalities in the state for the ongoing monsoon season reached 341. There have been 45 cloud bursts, 122 landslides, and 95 instances of flash floods, leading to cumulative losses estimated at ₹3,526 crore.
  • In Punjab, 37 deaths have been recorded from rain-related incidents, with Gurdaspur, Amritsar, Mansa, and Fazilka identified as the worst-hit districts amidst extensive crop devastation across 1,75,216 hectares.
  • J&K reported 2 fatalities, with numerous rescues taking place as rivers like Jhelum and Chenab overflowed their banks. The state issued a red alert for several districts including Poonch, Mirpur, and Rajouri.

• Government Responses:

  • Punjab Revenue Minister Hardeep Singh Mundian described the floods as among the worst in recent memory, emphasizing the significant impact on agriculture.
  • Haryana's Public Health Minister directed officials to ensure a steady water supply amidst waterlogging issues caused by continuous rainfall.
  • Chhattisgarh's Chief Minister Vishnu Deo Sai offered condolences for the lives lost due to a dam collapse in Balrampur district, pledging governmental support for affected families.

• Weather Forecast:

  • The India Meteorological Department (IMD) projects continuous rainfall due to a low-pressure area developing over the Bay of Bengal, likely affecting Odisha and the Andaman islands in the coming days.

• Flood Warnings:

  • Several regions were placed under red alert, with highlighted districts in different states, including Kapurthala, Jalandhar, and numerous districts in Himachal Pradesh and J&K. Affected areas also bordered with Pakistan are expected to see damage due to floodwaters impacting Border Security Force outposts and fencing along the border.

• Transportation and Infrastructure:

  • The Srinagar-Jammu highway and local schools in J&K have been closed due to road damage from landslides and heavy rain.
  • Water logging has inundated several areas in Delhi, as the Yamuna River overflowed due to increased water discharge from nearby dams.

Key Points:

• Casualty Figures:

  • Himachal Pradesh: 341 monsoon deaths, 45 cloud bursts, 122 landslides, total loss ₹3,526 crores.
  • Punjab: 37 deaths, 1,75,216 hectares of farmland devastated.
  • Chhattisgarh: 4 fatalities from dam collapse.

• Governmental Actions:

  • Punjab and Haryana officials are coordinating disaster responses, and Chhattisgarh's government is providing aid to affected families.

• Weather Alerts:

  • Continuous heavy rainfall expected in the coming days, with red alerts issued across multiple northern states.

• Infrastructure Damage:

  • Significant transportation disruptions reported, particularly in J&K and affected border regions.

The ongoing situation requires immediate attention and response from local administrations and disaster management authorities to mitigate further loss of life and property.

Summary: Faecal Contamination in Periyar River Monitoring

Recent reports highlight significant environmental concerns regarding faecal contamination in the Periyar River, particularly in the districts of Ernakulam, Idukki, and Thrissur. The data, compiled by the Kerala State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB), indicates alarming levels of contamination that exceed the permissible limits as defined by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB).

Key Findings:

• Period of Concern: The contamination levels were particularly high between April 2025 and June 2025.

• Faecal Coliform Count:

  • At the sewage discharge point in Aluva, the total coliform count reached a staggering 70,000 MPN (most probable number) per 100 ml, which is significantly above the CPCB limit of less than 2,500 MPN per 100 ml for bathing water.
  • Specific monthly data includes:
    • Aluva in April: 21,000 MPN/100 ml.
    • Eloor stretch: 3,200 MPN/100 ml to 7,000 MPN/100 ml.
    • Pathalam in May: 5,400 MPN/100 ml.
    • Kalamassery: 5,800 MPN/100 ml in April and 2,800 MPN/100 ml in May.

• National Water Quality Monitoring Programme: The CPCB's monitoring program involves the analysis of water samples collected monthly from fixed sampling locations along the river, including Aluva, Eloor, Kalamassery, and Pathalam.

• Compliance Issues: An earlier analysis from the CPCB's monitoring conducted between January and December 2024 revealed that all 13 monitoring stations along the Periyar River in the aforementioned districts did not comply with the primary water quality criteria put forth under the Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986.

• Parameters of Non-Compliance: The criteria not adhered to include:

  • Dissolved oxygen levels.
  • pH levels.
  • Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD).
  • Faecal coliform and faecal streptococci presence.

Environmental Implications: The findings point toward a critical environmental issue concerning water quality along the Periyar River, which could pose health risks to local populations involved in outdoor bathing and other recreational water activities. The contamination reflects broader implications for public health and environmental sustainability in the region.

Legislation Context: The current situation underscores the need for adherence to the Environment (Protection) Rules of 1986, which dictate the permissible limits for water quality standards, particularly concerning recreational water use.

Future Actions: There may be a need for increased interventions by governmental and environmental authorities to mitigate pollution sources, enhance waste management practices, and improve overall river health through implementation of stricter compliance measures and public awareness campaigns.

Important Points:

• Severe faecal contamination exceeding permissible limits observed from April to June 2025.
• Total coliform count at critical monitoring stations far exceeds regulatory thresholds.
• Non-compliance with water quality standards reported across multiple sampling sites.
• Highlights urgent need for environmental interventions and public health considerations.

This comprehensive summary reflects the gravity of the situation concerning water quality in the Periyar River, emphasizing regulatory compliance and the necessity for remedial action from authorities.

The article presents a comprehensive analysis of the climate challenges faced by India, particularly focusing on the increasing frequency and severity of heatwaves in the country. It discusses the associated health risks, economic repercussions, and the need for adaptive strategies to combat the ongoing climate crisis.

Summary:

1. Rising Temperatures in Asia:

   • Asia is warming at twice the global average, with the WMO's report indicating that last year was the warmest on record, marking an increase in temperatures from 1991 to 2024 nearly double that of 1961-1990.

2. Heat-related Mortality:

   • Reports indicate varying statistics on heat-related deaths in India:
     • The Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme recorded 3,812 deaths between 2015-2022.
     • The National Crime Records Bureau reported 8,171 deaths, while the India Meteorological Department cited 3,436.
   • In 2024, India experienced its longest heatwave since 2010, with over 44,000 reported cases of heatstroke affecting more than a billion people across 23 states.

3. Impacts on Vulnerable Populations:

   • Vulnerable groups include the elderly, disabled, homeless, and workers in climate-sensitive sectors like construction and agriculture.
   • Economic projections suggest a potential loss of 35 million full-time jobs and a 4.5% reduction in GDP by 2030 due to heat stress.

4. Policy Gaps:

   • Current Heat Action Plans are inadequate, failing to incorporate humidity and nighttime temperatures and disregarding the specific needs of vulnerable groups.
   • Existing public advisories offer minimal guidance, and response strategies need enhancement to address these challenges effectively.

5. Innovative Solutions and Technological Advances:

   • IIT Roorkee is developing a health risk forecasting system for individuals based on heat stress using various data points.
   • AI advancements, such as Google DeepMind’s new weather prediction model, have the potential to improve weather forecasting and disaster management significantly.

6. Urban Planning and Structural Changes:

   • Cities must prioritize infrastructure improvements such as green spaces and shaded pathways to enhance urban cooling.
   • Recognition of heatwaves under the State Disaster Mitigation Fund can facilitate targeted interventions.

7. Climate Pollution Reduction:

   • Focus on cutting Short-lived Climate Pollutants (SLCPs) like methane and black carbon is essential since these have a greater immediate warming effect.
   • Reducing SLCPs could potentially slow global warming by up to 0.6 degrees Celsius by 2050.

8. Adopting Effective Climate Accounting:

   • Introduction of Radiative Forcing (RF) as a measure for climate accounting is proposed, allowing India to better capture the warming effects of various pollutants.
   • India's emerging national carbon market set for 2026 presents an opportunity to implement RF for improved climate finance.

9. Climate Finance:

   • The 2024-25 budget indicates steps toward establishing a national climate finance taxonomy to classify what constitutes climate action.
   • Emphasizing outcomes over actions can create frameworks that align local adaptations with global efforts, particularly under commitments like the Paris Agreement.

10. Global Leadership Opportunity:

    • India has the potential to lead in creating a robust outcome-based taxonomy that can improve finance access and enable a proactive global role in climate governance.

Key Points:

• Heatwaves in India are increasing in intensity and duration.
• Discrepancies in reported heat-related deaths complicate response efforts.
• Vulnerable populations face significant health and economic risks.
• Current policies and heat action plans require substantial improvements.
• Technological innovations can enhance individual-level risk management.
• Structural urban improvements and climate pollutant reductions are crucial.
• Effective climate finance and accounting methods are essential for resilience building.
• India stands at a pivotal point to lead climate action and financing globally.

Summary of the Article on Pint of View Lecture Featuring Bats

The article revolves around a lecture conducted by Rohit Chakravarty at the Pint of View event on August 24, 2025, in Bengaluru. The event is inspired by a similar series in the United States known as "Lectures on Tap," aiming to discuss scientific topics in an informal yet engaging setting.

• Event Details:

  • Date: August 24, 2025
  • Context: Part of Pint of View, which encourages informal discussions on scientific subjects.
  • Organizer: Harsh Snehanshu and Shruti Sah, with Meghna Chaudhary involved technical background.

• Speaker Introduction:

  • Rohit Chakravarty is a bat project manager with associations to Nature Conservation Foundation and Bat Conservation International.
  • He shared personal anecdotes, emphasizing the non-threatening nature of bats based on his childhood experience rescuing a fruit bat.

• Content of the Lecture:

  • Chakravarty discussed the diversity of bat species, their diets, life expectancy, and their behaviors.
  • Highlighted the social behavior of vampire bats sharing food during scarcity, and how Rodrigues fruit bats exhibit midwifing behaviors.

• Historical Insights:

  • Spoke about Lazaro Spallanzani's 1794 discovery of bats using echolocation, further validated by Donald Griffin’s work on ultrasonic sounds.

• Personal Discoveries:

  • Rohit recounted his research expeditions in locations from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands to the Himalayas.
  • He announced the discovery of a new species, the Himalayan long-tailed myotis, in the Western Himalayas extending into Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

• Ecological Significance:

  • Stressing the ecological importance of bats, he noted their role in pollinating agave plants, vital for tequila production, and their contribution to the ecosystem, especially for mangrove preservation against natural disasters.

• Conservation Concerns:

  • Addressed the threats to bat populations, citing the near extinction risk facing the Kolar leaf-nosed bat due to granite mining.
  • Provided safety advice for humans while coexisting with bats, recommending to:
    • Maintain distance and avoid handling bats.
    • Avoid consuming fallen fruits that might be contaminated by bats’ saliva.
    • Keep distance from bat droppings to mitigate health risks.

• Conclusion and Future Events:

  • Chakravarty concluded by asserting the responsibility of scientists to raise awareness about neglected species.
  • The next Pint of View lecture is set for September 7, 2025, focusing on textiles, memories, and history with fashion researcher Niyati Hirani. Upcoming lecture details can be accessed through their social media channel (@pintofview.club).

The article combines educational content about bats with a cultural initiative aimed at fostering community interest in science, combining an accessible format with rigorous scientific discussion.

Key Points:

• Rohit Chakravarty is a notable bat researcher.
• Pint of View aims to make science discussions more accessible.
• Echolocation discovered by Spallanzani in 1794 was confirmed by Griffin later.
• Human-bat coexistence requires awareness and safety measures.
• Upcoming events continue to promote community engagement in scientific topics.

Summary

The Nilgiri mountains, located in the Western Ghats of India, are recognized as a critical biodiversity hotspot characterized by a rich tapestry of endemic species such as the Nilgiri pipit and Nilgiri laughingthrush. In a recent study published in Global Change Biology, researchers led by Vijay Ramesh examined the impact of land-use changes over the past 170 years on the bird populations of this region. The study collated historical bird data collected by British ornithologists in the late 1800s alongside contemporary surveys.

Key Findings:

• The researchers utilized historical specimens preserved in natural history museums and conducted field surveys at 42 previously studied sites to assess the changes in bird diversity.
• They discovered a staggering 90% reduction in the relative abundance of grassland birds, with species like the Nilgiri pipit and Malabar lark experiencing the most significant declines.
• The extent of grasslands in the Nilgiris dropped dramatically by 80%, from 993 square kilometers in 1848 to just 201 square kilometers in 2018.
• Conversely, 53% of forest bird populations remained stable over the last century. This stability resulted from the conversion of grassland habitats to woodlands and forests due to anthropogenic influences and climate change, thereby providing alternative habitats for forest-dwelling species.

Ecological Implications:

• This study highlights that grasslands are often overlooked in conservation efforts, with a predominant focus on forest conservation. Associate Professor V.V. Robin pointed out that the perception around grasslands must shift to recognize their ecological significance.
• The methods employed in the study underscore the importance of combining historical data with modern ecological analysis to understand biodiversity shifts comprehensively.

Role of Natural History Museums:

• The research relied heavily on historical collections from natural history museums, which serve as vital repositories of biodiversity data.
• Pritha Dey, a moth biologist, emphasized the role of these museums in preserving historical species records essential for taxonomic identification and conservation research.
• The study utilized statistical models such as the Field Abundance—Museum Abundance (FAMA) method to estimate species population changes by comparing historical and modern specimens.

Challenges in Biodiversity Research:

• Issues surrounding museum access include outdated infrastructure, lack of funding, and bureaucratic obstacles.
• Sushma Reddy noted ongoing debates about the ownership and responsibility of international museums regarding specimens collected from countries like India.
• The reliance on archival resources is hindered by complications in accessing and digitizing these historical materials, particularly in maintaining equitable sharing of biodiversity resources.

Important Points:

• Location: Nilgiri mountains, Western Ghats, India.
• Research Publication: Study published in Global Change Biology on September 3, 2025.
• Study Focus: Impact of land-use changes on bird diversity over 170 years.
• Historical Data: Utilized specimens from the Victorian era and conducted field surveys.
• Grassland Decline: 80% reduction in grassland area; 90% decline in grassland bird abundance.
• Forest Bird Stability: 53% of forest bird populations remained stable due to habitat conversion.
• Conservation Awareness: Need for recognition of grasslands in conservation efforts.
• Natural History Museums: Essential for biodiversity research, preserving historical species data.
• Challenges: Access to archival materials is complicated by institutional obstacles and funding issues.

On September 2, 2025, the Tamil Nadu Forest Department conducted a one-day workshop alongside the inaugural meeting of the Tamil Nadu Raptor Research Foundation (TNRRF) at the Advanced Institute for Wildlife Conservation (AIWC) in Vandalur, Chennai. This initiative is aimed at enhancing raptor conservation efforts and supporting research endeavors within the state of Tamil Nadu.

Key Highlights:

• Significance of Raptors: Raptors, also known as birds of prey, play a crucial role as indicators of ecosystem health. The global situation for these species is concerning, with approximately 18% at risk of extinction and numerous populations declining due to various threats.

• Threats Faced: In Tamil Nadu, raptors are increasingly subjected to habitat loss, poisoning, electrocution from power lines, and illegal trade. Important raptor habitats within the state include the Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats, and coastal wetlands.

• Government Initiatives: On July 9, 2025, the Tamil Nadu government issued a Government Order (G.O.) that allocated ₹1 crore from the Endangered Species Conservation Corpus Fund for the establishment of TNRRF, reflecting the state's commitment to biodiversity and conservation.

• Foundation Objectives: The TNRRF will focus on several key areas:

  • Conducting species surveys and tracking migratory patterns of raptors.
  • Implementing rehabilitation programs for endangered species, such as eagles, vultures, and hawks.
  • Developing conservation strategies and community outreach initiatives to raise awareness and educate local populations regarding raptor conservation.

• Guidelines and Expert Contributions: During the workshop, the TNRRF logo was unveiled, and the Wild Animal Carcass Management Guidelines were released. Experts, including Ranjit Daniels from Care Earth Trust and Sanjeev Menon from the State of India’s Birds Partnership, provided valuable insights on raptor conservation issues and identified various threats to these avian species.

Conclusion:

The establishment of the Tamil Nadu Raptor Research Foundation and the associated workshop signify a multi-faceted approach towards raptor conservation in Tamil Nadu. With government backing through financial support and a strategic plan focusing on research, community involvement, and education, it aims to address the pressing threats faced by raptor populations and promote healthier ecosystems in the state.

Important Bullet Points:

• A one-day workshop and inaugural meeting of the Tamil Nadu Raptor Research Foundation (TNRRF) took place on September 2, 2025.
• The workshop was held at the Advanced Institute for Wildlife Conservation in Vandalur, Chennai.
• Raptors serve as key indicators of ecosystem health but are facing significant global threats.
• In Tamil Nadu, 18% of raptor species are at risk of extinction due to habitat loss, poisoning, electrocution, and illegal trade.
• The Tamil Nadu government allocated ₹1 crore for TNRRF from the Endangered Species Conservation Corpus Fund as per the G.O. on July 9, 2025.
• TNRRF's objectives include species surveys, migration tracking, and setting up rehabilitation programs for endangered raptors.
• Presentations from experts during the workshop addressed conservation challenges and strategies.
• The event emphasized the importance of community outreach and education in raptor conservation efforts.