• British Prime Minister Keir Starmer's Visit: Expected around October 7-9, 2025, coinciding with the Global Fintech Fest in Mumbai.

• Summit-Level Talks: Prime Minister Narendra Modi and PM Starmer to engage in discussions focusing on trade, technology security, and cooperation in education.

• U.K.-India Free Trade Agreement:

  • Signed during Modi's visit to the U.K. in 2023.
  • Currently in the ratification process in the U.K.
  • Anticipated to come into effect in 2026.

• Bilateral Investment Treaty: Ongoing negotiations as part of strengthening economic ties between India and the U.K.

• Technology Security Initiative: Announced in July 2024, aimed at enhancing cooperation in technology and cybersecurity matters.

• U.S.-India Trade Relations:

  • Currently strained due to a 50% tariff imposed on Indian goods by the U.S.
  • A specific 25% penalty for India regarding energy and arms trade with Russia.

• EU's Position:

  • Seek upgraded ties with India but exhibits concerns over India’s military exercises with Russia and its oil imports from that country.

• U.K. and U.S. Relations:

  • Recently hosted U.S. President Donald Trump, leading to agreements on technology and nuclear energy sectors.

• Significance of the Talks:

  • Beyond technology and defense, there will be discussions on education cooperation with U.K. universities, like the University of Southampton, establishing campuses in India.

• Political Context: Starmer aims to counter political challenges at home by showcasing efforts to secure trade deals beneficial to the British economy, potentially creating jobs and attracting investment.

• Additional Location: Apart from Mumbai, another city visit by the Prime Ministers is under consideration, though the specifics are not finalized.

These elements highlight the intricate connections between trade, international relations, and geopolitical dynamics shaping both the U.K. and India's future collaborations.

Summary of GST Reforms under GST Bachat Utsav

• GST Rate Changes:

  • Effective September 22, 2023, GST rate cuts have been implemented across various goods and services.
  • Significant changes include:
    • Health and life insurance: Now exempt from GST.
    • Beauty services: Reduced from 18% to 5%.
    • Aspirational goods (e.g., air conditioners, refrigerators): Reduced from 28% to 18%.

• Rationalization Objective:

  • The goal is to correct the inverted duty structure, where the output tax rate is lower than that of inputs, and to streamline classification disputes among similar goods.

• GST Structure Overview:

  • The GST regime commenced in July 2017, amalgamating 17 indirect taxes and 13 cesses.
  • Current GST slabs include:
    • 0.25% for rough diamonds and precious stones.
    • 1.5% for cut diamonds.
    • 3% for precious metals (gold, silver, pearls).
    • 5% for 516 categories (mostly food items, medical devices, agricultural machinery).
    • 18% for additional 640 categories (industrial goods).
    • 40% thrust for sin goods (e.g., tobacco, luxury cars).

• Removal of 12% Slab:

  • The 12% GST slab has been removed for most items but retained for bricks with different rates based on input tax credit (ITC) eligibility.

• Economic Impact:

  • The government anticipates an increase in disposable income for households, hindering inflation, leading to boosted consumption and potential investments.
  • The revenue loss from these cuts is expected to be mitigated through increased consumer spending.

• Compliance and Reporting Enhancements:

  • The government plans to streamline registration, returns, and refund processes under GST 2.0.
  • Monthly data tracking of price changes will be monitored to ensure benefits are passed to consumers.

• Inverted Duty Structure Concerns:

  • Despite changes, some sectors still face inverted duty structures (IDS), impacting cash flows adversely.
  • Specific items where IDS persists include bicycles, tractors, and certain textiles.

• Judicial and Legislative Support:

  • Amendments to Section 54(6) of the CGST Act allowing for provisional sanction of 90% of refunds based on risk assessment are underway, operational from November 1.

• Future Actions:

  • The GST Council’s meeting has prompted exploration into rectifying persistent IDS issues across various sectors.
  • Technology-driven enhancements for registration and return filing are targeted, especially benefitting small businesses.

Key Data Points

• Implementation Date: September 22, 2023.
• Number of Services in New Rate Slabs:
  • 516 categories at 5%.
  • 640 categories at 18%.
• GST Council Meeting for Amendments: 56th meeting took place on September 3, 2025.
• Target for Provisional Refunds: Operational by November 1, with possibility of earlier implementation.

Government Initiatives

• GST Bachat Utsav aims to rationalize rates while enhancing consumer benefit.
• Focus on maintaining an equitable tax structure and simplifying compliance processes for traders and manufacturers.

Summary of Hyundai Motors Investment and Indian Automotive Sector Growth

• Hyundai Motors Investment:

  • Increased proposed investment in Talegaon plant from ₹7,000 crore to ₹11,000 crore.

• GST Rate Reduction:

  • Recent cut in GST for small cars from 28% to 18% incentivized the investment hike.

• International Manufacturers Engagement:

  • Companies like Hyundai and Toyota Kirloskar are establishing significant manufacturing facilities in Maharashtra:
    • Toyota Kirloskar plans a ₹20,000 crore greenfield facility in Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar.

• Domestic Market and Export Potential:

  • Recognition of India as a conducive environment for both domestic sales and exports:
    • Maruti Suzuki sold over 1.9 million vehicles and exported 330,000 units in the year 2024-25.
    • Commencement of production for e-Vitara, Maruti’s first electric vehicle, with a significant portion intended for export.

• Infrastructure Development:

  • Enhanced infrastructure like the Samruddhi Mahamarg expressway facilitating production and export logistics.

• National Policies:

  • Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s vision of “Swadeshi” promotes manufacturing in India regardless of company origin, aiming to boost the local economy.

• Economic Impact of Success Stories:

  • Successful investments (e.g., Maruti, Hyundai, Apple, Samsung) are driving India towards becoming a significant global assembler and exporter of smartphones and automobiles.

• Domestic Value Addition:

  • The current domestic value addition in smartphone manufacturing is noted to be lower relative to established automotive manufacturing ecosystems.

• Government Role:

  • Advocating for stable policies and schemes that offer one-time incentives and clear sunset clauses to attract large-scale investment.

• Opportunities in Global Turbulence:

  • Economic instability abroad may create unique opportunities for investment in key sectors within India where the nation has comparative advantages.

Key Data Points and Policies

• GST Rates: Reduction from 28% to 18% for small cars.
• Investment Figures:
  • Hyundai: ₹11,000 crore in Maharashtra.
  • Toyota Kirloskar: ₹20,000 crore in Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar.
• Vehicle Sales Data: Maruti Suzuki's sales (1.9 million) and exports (330,000 units) provide a benchmark for growth.
• Infrastructure Projects: Samruddhi Mahamarg expressway enhances connectivity for production and export.

International and Domestic Context

• Make in India Initiative: Promotes manufacturing for domestic consumption and global exports as a strategy to bolster economic growth.

This summary encapsulates the current advancements and strategic investments in India's automotive sector, emphasizing government initiatives, foreign collaborations, and economic implications.

Summary Notes on the Formalisation of the Indian Economy

• Definition of Formalisation: The formalisation of the Indian economy comprises the formalisation of firms, workers, and transactions.

• Digital Payment Surge: The greatest progress in formalisation has been through the digital payments system, particularly via the UPI platform.

• UPI Transactions Data:

  • In Q1 of 2023 (April-June), 34.9 billion transactions occurred through UPI, totaling ₹20.4 lakh crore.
  • This accounted for approximately 40% of the private final consumption expenditure for that quarter, an increase from 24% two years prior.

• Sector Analysis:

  • Food and beverages comprised about 17% of all UPI transactions, with households spending roughly ₹3.4 lakh crore in this segment.
  • Non-food items, including utility bills, clothes, and transportation, represent around two-thirds of person-to-merchant transfers.

• Debt and Investment Transfers:

  • In July 2025, households transferred ₹93,857 crore to debt collection agencies and ₹61,080 crore to security brokers and dealers, indicating financial engagement beyond consumption.

• Cash vs. Digital Payments: Although digital transactions are increasing, cash remains widely used for certain purchases, including land and gold.

• Household Cash Holdings Trends:

  • Cash accounted for 12.5% of household financial savings in 2020-21, dropping to 3.4% in 2023-24.
  • ATM withdrawals fell significantly from 78 crore transactions (₹2.6 lakh crore) in July 2018 to 44 crore transactions (₹2.3 lakh crore) by July 2025.

• Economic Growth Observations:

  • Currency with the public has grown at an average of 6% over the last three years—half the rate of nominal GDP growth.
  • The currency-to-GDP ratio has decreased from 12.9% in March 2022 to 10.9% by March 2025, indicating a potential inflection point in currency circulation.

• International Comparison: High cash use persists in some advanced economies, like Germany, despite widespread digital adoption.

• Conclusion on Trends: The ongoing decline in cash currency demand for transactions and savings could indicate a shift toward a more formalised and less cash-dependent economy.

Key Economic Indicators:

• UPI Transactions (Q1 2023): 34.9 billion, ₹20.4 lakh crore.
• Proportion of Food & Beverages: ₹3.4 lakh crore (17% of UPI transactions).
• Share of Currency in Household Savings: Decreased from 12.5% (2020-21) to 3.4% (2023-24).
• ATM Withdrawals: Declined from 78 crore transactions (July 2018) to 44 crore transactions (July 2025).
• Currency with Public to GDP Ratio: Fell from 12.9% (March 2022) to 10.9% (March 2025).

Implications:

• Sustained formalisation could lead to a downward trend in cash circulation.
• Continued digital transformation in household transactions across sectors is evident.
• Financial behavior is shifting, suggesting potential enhanced formalisation in future economic policies.

Constitutive Factors:

• Engagement with both routine and non-routine transactions is facilitating the transition towards a formalised economy, marking a significant trend in contemporary economic behavior in India.

Summary of Relevant Facts and Policies

• Goods and Services Tax (GST) reforms:

  • GST introduced with multiple slabs led to financial burdens on the common man.
  • Recent tax cuts on essential goods and services aimed to alleviate some financial pressure, referred to as a “festival of savings.”
  • There's a recognition of persistent poverty and low income affecting millions, highlighting the need for structural changes to improve purchasing power.

• Economic Indicators:

  • Addressing the economic plight of low-income populations is critical for enhancing the purchasing power of the majority.

• Demographic Data:

  • Tamil Nadu's elderly population is projected to reach 18.2% of the total population by 2031, indicating a need for policies catering to senior citizens.

• Government Recommendations:

  • Proposal for the establishment of a Tamil Nadu Elders Rights Commission with civil court powers to safeguard the rights, welfare, and rehabilitation of the elderly.
  • Calls for increasing the number of old-age homes and day care centers, particularly in rural regions.

• International Relations and Human Rights:

  • Concerns raised about the situation in Gaza, suggesting a need for global awareness and intervention regarding alleged human rights violations.
  • Mention of comparisons between events in Gaza and historic genocides, underscoring a call for greater international engagement.

Key Points for Exam Preparation

• GST Impact: Understand the implications of GST reforms on various socioeconomic demographics.
• Economic Needs: Familiarize with the economic challenges facing low-income groups and relevant policy solutions.
• Aging Population: Be aware of demographic trends and their implications for policy and governance.
• Elderly Care Initiatives: Recognize the importance of dedicated commissions and facilities for elderly welfare in state policies.
• Human Rights Discussions: Understand the global context of conflicts and the role of nations in addressing humanitarian issues.

• British PM Keir Starmer's Visit to India: Scheduled around October 7-9 for the Global Fintech Fest in Mumbai.
• Summit-Level Talks: Will include discussions with Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, following Modi's recent visit to the U.K. for the U.K.-India free trade agreement signing.
• U.K.-India Free Trade Agreement: Currently under ratification in the U.K., expected to take effect in 2026.
• Bilateral Investment Treaty: Ongoing negotiations between the two countries.
• Technology Security Initiative: Announced in July last year, aimed at enhancing collaboration in tech and security sectors.
• Geopolitical Context: Tensions in U.S.-India relations over trade tariffs:
  • 50% Tariff on Indian Goods: Affecting exports to the U.S., with a specific 25% penalty on energy and arms trades involving Russia.
• EU Relations with India: Expressing intent to upgrade ties but concerned about India’s military exercises with Russia and oil purchases.
• U.K. State Visit by PM Trump: Recent tech and nuclear energy agreements signed during this visit.
• Education Sector Cooperation: Anticipation of discussions around U.K. universities, such as the University of Southampton, establishing campuses in India.
• Political Context for Starmer: Under political pressure domestically, aiming to demonstrate effective trade deals to boost the British economy, create jobs, and attract investment.
• Expected Additional City Visit: The two Prime Ministers will likely visit another city in India, presently being finalized.

Implications for International Relations and Trade:

• Potential shifts in trade dynamics between India, the U.K., U.S. and EU based on the outcomes of the summit and ongoing negotiations.
• Economic indicators may fluctuate based on the success of trade agreements and geopolitical stability.

Relevance of Constitutional Articles:

• Implied framework for international treaty negotiations under various constitutional articles related to foreign relations, although not directly mentioned.

Future Focus:

• Emphasis on maintaining diplomatic relations amidst geopolitical tensions, fostering educational cooperation, and enhancing technological partnerships.

Summary of GST Bachat Utsav and GST 2.0 Reforms

• GST Rate Changes (Effective September 22):

  • Exemption for Indian bread types (roti, paratha, khakhra) from GST.
  • Health and life insurance for individuals exempted from 18% GST.
  • Reduction in GST for beauty and wellness services from 18% to 5%.
  • GST on aspirational goods (ACs, refrigerators, big TVs) reduced from 28% to 18%.
  • Aim of reforms is to resolve classification disputes and correct the inverted duty structure.

• GST Structure Overview:

  • GST, introduced in July 2017, subsumed 17 indirect taxes and 13 cesses.
  • Rate restructuring: replaced multiple slabs with two main slabs:
    • Merit rate: 5%
    • Standard rate: 18%
    • Demerit rate: 40% (for sin goods).
  • Specific rates:
    • 0.25% for rough diamonds and precious stones.
    • 1.5% for cut/polished diamonds.
    • 3% for precious metals (gold, silver).
    • 5% for 516 categories, including food items and agricultural machinery.
    • 18% for 640 categories, including industrial goods.
    • Tobacco still at 28% + compensation cess.

• Bricks and Special Composition Scheme:

  • Bricks retained at 12% slab with input tax credit options.
  • Special composition scheme introduced for bricks (6% without ITC and 12% with ITC).

• Economic Implications:

  • The rate cuts are projected to boost disposable income, spur household consumption, and incentivize investments.
  • Anticipated revenue loss from these cuts is expected to be offset by increased consumption.

• Price Monitoring Initiative:

  • The Ministry of Finance will compile monthly reports on price changes for 54 categories of common items to ensure benefits pass on to consumers.

• Challenges with Inverted Duty Structure (IDS):

  • Persists in some sectors leading to cash flow issues; e.g., bicycles, tractors, fertilizers.
  • Manufacturers express concerns about higher tax rates on inputs compared to outputs.

• Legislative Amendments:

  • GST Council recommended amendments to Section 54(6) of the Central GST Act, 2017 for 90% provisional sanction of refunds related to IDS.
  • Implementation of the amended provisions is expected from November 1, 2023, with potential for earlier initiation.

• Administrative Improvements:

  • Future emphasis on streamlining GST registration, returns, and refunds through technology.
  • Focus on reducing manual interventions and accelerating refund processing, especially for exporters and businesses affected by IDS.

These changes under GST 2.0 are intended to enhance the business environment, alleviate consumer costs, and improve compliance through technology advancements.

Summary of Traditional Medicine Insights

WHO Insights on Traditional Medicine:

• 88% of WHO member states (170 out of 194) practice traditional medicine.
• Traditional medicine is crucial for health care in low- and middle-income countries due to accessibility and affordability.
• It contributes to biodiversity conservation, nutrition security, and sustainable livelihoods.

Market Growth Projections:

• The global traditional medicine market projected to reach $583 billion by 2025, with annual growth rates of 10%-20%.
  • China: Traditional Chinese medicine valued at $122.4 billion.
  • Australia: Herbal medicine industry valued at $3.97 billion.
  • India: AYUSH sector valued at $43.4 billion.

India's AYUSH Sector:

• The AYUSH industry includes Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy.
• The sector has grown eight-fold in less than a decade.
• Manufacturing sector revenue rose from ₹21,697 crore in 2014-15 to over ₹1.37 lakh crore; services sector revenue reached ₹1.67 lakh crore.
• India exports AYUSH products worth $1.54 billion to over 150 countries.

Public Awareness and Usage:

• National Sample Survey Office (2022-23) found 95% awareness of AYUSH in rural areas and 96% in urban centres.
• Over 50% of the population used AYUSH systems in the past year, with Ayurveda preferred for rejuvenation and preventive care.

Research and Development:

• Significant investment in AYUSH research through institutions like:
  • All India Institute of Ayurveda
  • Institute of Teaching and Research in Ayurveda
  • National Institute of Ayurveda
  • Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences
• Focus on clinical validation, drug standardisation, and integrative care models.

International Collaboration:

• The Ministry of AYUSH’s International Cooperation Scheme:
  • 25 bilateral agreements and 52 institutional partnerships.
  • 43 AYUSH Information Cells in 39 countries.
  • 15 academic chairs established in foreign universities.

WHO Global Traditional Medicine Centre:

• Established in India to integrate traditional medicine into modern science and digital health.
• Emphasis on using emerging technologies like AI for clinical validation, big-data analytics, and predictive care.

Ayurveda's Holistic Approach:

• Core philosophy emphasizes balance—between body and mind, humans and nature, and conservation.
• Addresses personal wellness and global issues such as lifestyle diseases and climate change.
• Envisions a comprehensive approach to health, including veterinary and plant health.

2025 Focus Theme:

• Theme “Ayurveda for People & Planet” announced for September 23 (Ayurveda Day).
• Highlights the potential of traditional knowledge systems for a balanced and sustainable future.

Conclusion:

• India is aimed at mainstreaming traditional medicine globally, promoting an approach that is preventive, affordable, inclusive, and sustainable.
• The integration of ancient wisdom with modern technology stresses the growing importance of traditional medicine in global health architecture.

Key Points:

• WHO states 88% of countries practice traditional medicine.
• Traditional medicine market to reach $583 billion by 2025.
• AYUSH sector has grown remarkably, contributing significant revenue.
• High public awareness and usage of AYUSH systems in India.
• Extensive international cooperation and research investments in Ayush.
• WHO Global Traditional Medicine Centre established in India.
• Ayurveda offers holistic health solutions addressing modern challenges.
• 2025 theme emphasizes sustainable health through traditional knowledge.

Summary of Hyundai Motors Investment in India

• Investment Increase: Hyundai Motors has increased its investment in the upcoming plant at Talegaon, Maharashtra from ₹7,000 crore to ₹11,000 crore.

• GST Rate Change: The decision follows the reduction of the GST rate on small cars from 28% to 18%, aiming to enhance the auto sector's growth.

• Comparative Developments: Toyota Kirloskar is also establishing a ₹20,000 crore greenfield manufacturing facility in Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar, Maharashtra, indicating a strong interest in India's market.

• Market Strategy: Foreign automakers are focusing on both domestic sales and export potential, recognizing India's growing market capabilities.

• Maruti Suzuki Performance:

  • Sold over 1.9 million vehicles in India in the fiscal year 2024-25.
  • Exported approximately 330,000 vehicles from India during the same period.

• Electric Vehicle Launch: Maruti Suzuki has started production of the e-Vitara, its first electric vehicle, primarily aimed at export from their facility in Hansalpur, Gujarat.

• Infrastructure Development: Enhanced infrastructure projects, such as the Samruddhi Mahamarg expressway connecting Mumbai and Nagpur, are critical for facilitating production and export logistics for automakers like Toyota.

• Government Policy: Prime Minister Narendra Modi emphasizes the philosophy of "Swadeshi," promoting manufacturing in India regardless of the origin of the company, which encourages foreign investment.

• Investment Environment: The article highlights the importance of creating stable policies and government schemes that offer one-time incentives with clear sunset clauses to attract large-scale investments in sectors of comparative advantage.

• Global Economic Context: The current turbulent global economy can present unique opportunities for investment in India, particularly in manufacturing and technological sectors.

• Success Stories: Investments by firms such as Maruti Suzuki, Hyundai, Apple, and Samsung serve as exemplars for potential investors to consider India as a viable manufacturing hub.

• Policy Recommendations: The government is urged to enable an investment-friendly environment, promoting "Make in India" initiatives that cater to both local and global demands.

Key Points

• Hyundai's Investment: Raised from ₹7,000 crore to ₹11,000 crore.
• GST Reduction: From 28% to 18% for small cars to boost industry.
• Toyota's Investment: ₹20,000 crore facility in Maharashtra.
• Maruti Suzuki: 1.9 million units sold, 330,000 exported.
• e-Vitara Production: First electric vehicle, significant export focus.
• Infrastructure Benefits: Samruddhi Mahamarg expressway aids manufacturing and exports.
• Swadeshi Philosophy: Encourages local manufacturing irrespective of company origin.
• Stable Policy Proposals: Needed to attract foreign and domestic investment.
• Potential for Success Stories: Can influence new investments in India.

Summary of Key Points on Economic Formalisation and Digital Payment Usage in India

• Economic Formalisation:

  • Formalisation in India encompasses firms, workers, and transactions.
  • Significant progress observed over the last decade.

• Firm Registrations and Worker Formalisation:

  • Data on firm registrations under the Goods and Services Tax (GST) indicates increased formalisation.
  • Contributing members under the Employees' Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO) also show growth.

• Digital Payments via UPI:

  • In Q1 2023, 34.9 billion transactions (person to merchant) processed through UPI platform.
  • Total transaction value of Rs 20.4 lakh crore, comprising approximately 40% of private final consumption expenditure, up from 24% two years prior.

• Household Spending:

  • Households spent Rs 3.4 lakh crore on food and beverages via UPI in the same quarter, accounting for:
    • 17% of total UPI transactions.
    • 21% of total household expenditure on food and beverages.

• Growth in Other Segments:

  • Digital payments have expanded beyond food/beverages and include utility bills, petrol, clothing, electronics, and services.
  • Two-thirds of UPI transactions are attributed to non-food items.

• Debt and Investment Payments:

  • In July 2025, households transferred Rs 93,857 crore for debt repayments and Rs 61,080 crore to security brokers and dealers for investments.

• Cash vs Digital Payments:

  • Despite the digital shift, high cash usage persists in India; cash is still prevalent in land, gold purchases, and transaction financing.
  • India's case mirrors other countries, like Germany, with significant cash usage alongside digital evolution.

• Household Financial Savings Trends:

  • Cash's role in household savings is diminishing.
  • From 12.5% of gross household financial savings in 2020-21, cash representation dropped to 3.4% in 2023-24.

• ATM Withdrawal Trends:

  • Decline in ATM withdrawals noted:
    • July 2025: 44 crore transactions amounting to Rs 2.3 lakh crore, a stark decline from peaks in 2018 and 2019 despite economic growth.

• Future Implications for Currency Circulation:

  • If the trend of declining cash demand continues and formalisation persists, there may be a significant inflection point leading to decreased currency in circulation.
  • Currency growth has averaged just 6% over the last three years, which is below nominal GDP growth.
  • Currency with the public to GDP ratio fell from 12.9% in March 2022 to 10.9% in March 2025.

This summary encapsulates the current state and trends of India's economy towards formalisation and the shift from cash to digital payment systems, highlighting significant data and implications for future economic conditions.

Summary of Exam-Focused Notes

GST and Economic Policy:

• GST (Goods and Services Tax) reforms have resulted in tax cuts on essential goods and services.
• Critics label these reforms as a “festival of savings” but note that the original GST framework introduced multiple tax slabs which burdened the common man financially.
• Poverty remains a significant issue, necessitating further enhancements to the purchasing power of the majority.
• Structural changes are essential for achieving a fair social and economic order.

Gaza Conflict:

• Concerns raised over global apathy towards ongoing violence in Gaza.
• Comparisons made with historical events like the Nazi Holocaust, emphasizing the severity of the situation.
• Calls for international awareness and intervention regarding the situation in Gaza.

Senior Citizen Welfare in Tamil Nadu:

• Tamil Nadu's elderly population projected to reach 18.2% of the total by 2031.
• Proposal for the establishment of a Tamil Nadu Elders Rights Commission with civil court powers to ensure rights, welfare, and rehabilitation of the elderly.
• Need identified for increased old age homes and day care centers, especially in rural areas to assist the growing elderly demographic.

Key Points:

• GST Reforms: Tax cuts on essentials, criticism of multiple tax slabs burdening common people.
• Poverty: Persistent issue impacting purchasing power and necessitating structural changes.
• International Awareness: Concerns over the global response to the Gaza situation; historical comparisons to the Holocaust.
• Elderly Population in Tamil Nadu: Expected to grow to 18.2% by 2031, necessitating new protections and services.
• Proposals for Elderly Welfare: Establishment of a dedicated commission and increased care facilities required for aging population.

These notes encapsulate a focused review suitable for exam preparation, highlighting key socio-economic policies, ongoing global issues, and demographic challenges in the state of Tamil Nadu.

• Make in India Commemorative Coin: Launched by Union Minister for Commerce and Industry, Shri Piyush Goyal, to mark a decade of the initiative, introduced on 25th September 2014.

• Objectives of Make in India: Transform India into a global hub for manufacturing, design, and innovation, bolstering domestic manufacturing, innovation, skill development, and foreign investment.

• Foreign Direct Investment (FDI):

  • India attracted USD 667 billion in FDI between 2014 and 2024, accounting for nearly two-thirds of all inflows since liberalization.

• Ease of Doing Business:

  • India's ranking improved significantly from 142nd in 2014 to 63rd in 2020 (World Bank’s Doing Business Report).

• Merchandise Exports:

  • Exports reached USD 437.42 billion in FY 2024-25, positioning India as a key player in global trade.

• Startup Ecosystem:

  • Over 1.80 lakh DPIIT-recognized startups, making India the third-largest startup ecosystem globally, following the US and China.
  • Generated over 17.6 lakh jobs with 118 unicorns as of 2025.

• Production Linked Incentives (PLI) Scheme:

  • Total outlay of ₹1.97 lakh crore across 14 sectors.
  • Attracted investments of about ₹1.88 lakh crore with 806 approved applications, generating over 12 lakh direct and indirect jobs.

• Industrial Capabilities:

  • India emerged as the second-largest mobile phone manufacturer worldwide, producing 99% of smartphones domestically.
  • Indigenous projects include Vande Bharat trains and INS Vikrant.

• Defense Production:

  • Expanded to ₹1.51 lakh crore in 2024-25, with exports worth ₹23,622 crore to over 80 countries.
  • Issued Five Positive Indigenization Lists for over 5,500 items, indigenizing 3,000 items, which include fighter aircraft, tanks, artillery, corvettes, sonar systems, and helicopters.

• Pharmaceutical and Medical Manufacturing:

  • 21 projects under PLI producing 54 unique devices such as MRI machines, CT scanners, heart valves, stents, and dialysis machines.

• Domestic Production Initiatives:

  • Shift towards producing key components for air conditioners and LED lights, reducing import dependency and strengthening domestic manufacturing capabilities.

• Semiconductor Industry:

  • India is progressing towards manufacturing its first-ever 2 nm chip, advancing from previous technologies (7, 5, and 3 nm) to fortify developments in artificial intelligence, smartphones, high-performance systems, national security, and space applications.

• Long-term Vision: These achievements contribute to the vision of Viksit Bharat@2047, fostering a future-ready India and showcasing the transformative impact of the Make in India initiative.

This summary encapsulates economic and policy-related facts regarding the Make in India initiative, outlining key achievements and objectives that are essential for exam-oriented knowledge.

Summary of Data User’s Conference on Time Use Survey (TUS), 2024

• Event Overview:

  • The anticipated Data User’s Conference on Time Use Survey (TUS), 2024 is scheduled for September 22, 2025, in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala.
  • Organized by the National Statistics Office (NSO) under the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) in collaboration with the Centre for Development Studies (CDS).

• Objective:

  • To enhance dialogue between data producers and users for improved socio-economic policymaking.
  • To provide insights on how individuals distribute their time among paid/unpaid activities, care work, learning, and leisure.

• Context:

  • The TUS 2024 builds upon findings from the 2019 survey, offering comparative data to examine shifts in work-life patterns, particularly in relation to gender roles amidst changing socio-economic conditions.

• Participants:

  • Approximately 175 attendees expected, including researchers, economists, policymakers, international organization representatives, civil society members, and academics.

• Sessions Overview:

  • Inauguration: Featuring prominent dignitaries, including:

    • Shri K. M. Chandrasekhar (Former Cabinet Secretary)
    • Dr. Saurabh Garg (Secretary, MoSPI)
    • Dr. Indira Hirway (Former Director, CDS)
    • Prof. Veeramani (Director, CDS)
    • Ms. Geeta Singh Rathore (Director General, NSS)

  • Technical Sessions:

    • Focus on survey design and methodology, alongside presentations of key findings, comparative data, and utility of TUS data.
    • Strategic applications of TUS data for socio-economic policies.

• Panel Discussion Topics:

  • Theme: “Changing Patterns of Time Use, Care Work, and Gender in a New Digital Era”.
  • Experts discussing the implications of digitalization on work, care responsibilities, and evolving gender dynamics, including:
    • Dr. Sunny Jose (SRM University)
    • Prof. Neetha N (CWDS)
    • Smt. Deepti Sharma (IIM Ahmedabad)
    • Prof. Thiagu Ranganathan (CDS)

• Expected Outcomes:

  • Greater awareness of the utility of TUS data in shaping inclusive policies related to gender, employment, and the care economy.
  • Strengthened relevance of TUS within India’s statistical framework, aiding policymakers in addressing crucial socio-economic challenges with reliable data.

• Implication for Policy Development:

  • Enhanced capacity for developing informed and inclusive policies that address care work and gender issues in the context of employment dynamics and digital transformations.

• Commitment:

  • MoSPI’s dedication to improving India's statistical infrastructure will be reinforced through ongoing discussions from this conference.

This concise summary extracts crucial information key to understanding the implications and context of the TUS 2024 conference while highlighting its relevance in socio-economic data utilization and policy formulation.

• Event: Prime Minister Narendra Modi addressed the ‘Samudra se Samriddhi’ event and announced development projects worth over Rs 34,200 crore in Bhavnagar, Gujarat.

• Key Messages:

  • India must become self-reliant for global peace and prosperity.
  • Reiterated the importance of domestic production in industries such as shipping ("chips or ships must be made in India").

• Maritime Sector Development:

  • Large ships now recognized as infrastructure by the government to stimulate growth in the maritime sector.
  • Emphasis on port-led development to transform India's coastlines into gateways of prosperity.
  • Significant projects include:
    • Mumbai International Cruise Terminal.
    • New container terminals at Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port (Kolkata) and Paradip Port.
    • Coastal protection works at multiple ports, including Chennai and Car Nicobar Island.

• Economic Indicators:

  • India pays approximately $75 billion (around six lakh crore rupees) annually to foreign shipping companies, equivalent to its defense budget.
  • The share of Indian ships in trade decreased from 40% to 5% due to reliance on foreign vessels.

• Government Initiatives:

  • Projects worth Rs 26,354 crore across various sectors in Gujarat, including a liquefied natural gas terminal and multiple renewable energy projects.
  • Introduction of “One Nation, One Document” and “One Nation, One Port” to simplify trade processes.

• Skills and Employment:

  • Government initiatives to enhance skill development for the shipping sector, involving Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs) and Maritime University.
  • The multiplier effect of shipbuilding, creating 6-7 jobs for every shipbuilding job.

• Judicial and Legislative Actions:

  • Reforms in maritime laws to enhance shipping governance and streamline the industry.

• Future Goals:

  • By 2047, India aims to increase its share of global maritime trade.
  • Plans to triple participation in global sea trade by enhancing port capacities and facilities.
  • Initiatives under the ‘Sagarmala’ program focus on augmenting connectivity and large port development.

• Historical Context:

  • India was historically a leading maritime power with significant shipbuilding capabilities.
  • Current shifts aim to restore India's position in the global maritime landscape.

• Cultural and Heritage Projects:

  • Development of a world-class maritime museum at Lothal to celebrate India's maritime heritage.

• Sustainability Focus:

  • Emphasis on sustainable industrialization through projects like the Dholera Special Investment Region and renewable energy installations.

• Conclusion: Shifts toward an Atmanirbhar Bharat (self-reliant India) through significant investments and policy changes in the maritime and other sectors are positioned as crucial for future national development and self-respect.

• Historical Achievement: Jaiminee Jhankar, 28, from the Chuktia Bhunjia community in Odisha, becomes the first female from her Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) to complete a doctoral thesis.

• Research Focus: Her study, titled ‘Toxicity And Safety Implications of Herbal Medicines: A Case Study of Nuapada District’, examined the toxicity of traditional herbal medicines—Tinospora cordifolia, Cymbopogon citratus, and Gymnema sylvestre—commonly used in her locality.

• Scientific Findings: The research, utilizing zebrafish as a model organism, revealed that extracts from these plants can lead to significant developmental issues, including heart defects and increased mortality in embryos.

• Social Context: Jhankar's academic achievement comes against a backdrop of entrenched discrimination in her community, where women historically faced restrictions on clothing and education. Her success signifies a breaking of these social norms, and she credits her supportive family.

• Educational Barriers: Before the establishment of an all-weather road linked to her village, students like Jaiminee often traversed over 20 km through dense forests to access educational institutions.

• Cultural Shift: Jaiminee’s family's decision to reject oppressive conventions has catalyzed change, allowing other women in her tribe new opportunities for education and personal expression.

• Community Impact: As the first woman within her community to achieve such a milestone, Jaiminee serves as a role model, illustrating the potential for educational advancement in marginalized groups.

• Future Directions: Her research emphasizes the necessity for further studies into the safety of widely used traditional medicines, indicating an urgent need to assess the compounds responsible for their effects.

• Key Mentorship: Jaiminee received guidance from Rasmi Mohapatra, Head of the Botany Department at KISS University, who played an essential role in her academic journey.

• Cultural Reflection: The journey not only highlights educational strides but also reflects ongoing societal evolution within the Chuktia Bhunjia community, where women are starting to gain access to both education and empowerment.

These points encapsulate significant achievements, cultural factors, and scientific inquiries relevant to the education and rights of indigenous communities.

• The Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) organized a free medical camp in Dhanora, Narayanpur district, under the "Swasth Nari, Sashakt Parivar Abhiyan."
• The camp aimed to provide better healthcare facilities specifically for rural women and the general population, fostering community trust.
• Around 150 women, 50 men, 20 children, and numerous villagers attended the camp; healthcare was provided by ITBP medical personnel and local health officials.
• Health check-ups were conducted, and awareness sessions on hygiene, balanced nutrition, and seasonal disease prevention were held.
• The initiative aligns with the "Nasha Mukt Bharat Abhiyan" (Drug-Free India Campaign), emphasizing ITBP’s commitment to social responsibility and community engagement.

Summary of India’s Sovereign Rating Upgrade

• Rating Upgrade: India’s sovereign credit rating has been upgraded to BBB+ (Stable) by Rating and Investment Information, Inc. (R&I), Japan.

• Context of Upgrade: This marks the third credit rating upgrade for India within five months, following:

  • S&P: Upgraded from BBB- to BBB in August 2025.
  • Morningstar DBRS: Upgraded from BBB (low) to BBB in May 2025.

• Rationale for Upgrade:

  • Recognition of India as one of the world’s largest and fastest-growing economies.
  • Supported by demographic dividend, robust domestic demand, and sound government policies.
  • Acknowledgment of progress in fiscal consolidation driven by:
    • Increased buoyant tax revenues.
    • Rationalization of subsidies.
    • Manageable debt levels.

• External Stability:

  • Modest current account deficit.
  • Stable surpluses in services and remittances.
  • Low external debt-to-GDP ratio.
  • Sufficient foreign exchange cover.

• Financial System Risks: R&I states that risks associated with India's financial system remain limited despite global uncertainties.

• Impact of U.S. Tariffs:

  • The recent increase in U.S. tariffs was noted as a potential risk.
  • India’s limited reliance on U.S. exports and strong domestic demand may contain negative impacts.

• GST Rationalization: While GST changes may result in revenue losses, it is expected that the stimulation of private consumption will offset these losses.

• Government Policy Initiatives:

  • The administration under Prime Minister Narendra Modi is aimed at attracting foreign manufacturers, improving infrastructure, and institutionalizing a legal framework conducive to business.
  • Efforts to reduce reliance on energy imports and ensure economic security are highlighted.

• Economic Commitment: The Government of India emphasizes its commitment to fostering inclusive, high-quality growth while maintaining fiscal prudence and macroeconomic stability.

• Global Confidence: The series of upgrades underscore the growing global confidence in India's medium-term growth prospects amidst continued global economic uncertainties.

• Event Overview:

  • Inauguration of AIIFA STEELEX-2025 and the 37th National Conference on Sustainable Steel in Mumbai.

• Key Speakers:

  • Union Minister for Steel and Heavy Industries, Prahlad Joshi, emphasized green steel's strategic importance for India’s sustainable growth.

• Government Initiatives:

  • PM-KUSUM Scheme: Recognized as "Maharashtra Model," supports the transition to sustainable development.
  • Maharashtra’s Green Hydrogen Policy: Target to achieve 5 lakh TPA of Green Hydrogen capacity by 2030; establishment of Pune Hydrogen Valley Innovation Cluster.
  • National Green Hydrogen Mission (NGHM):
    • Allocation: ₹19,744 crore.
    • Goals: Produce 5 million metric tonnes of green hydrogen annually by 2030, add 125 GW renewable energy capacity, attract ₹8 lakh crore investment, create 6 lakh jobs, and prevent 50 million tonnes of CO₂ emissions.

• Current Projects:

  • Five pilot projects in the steel sector worth ₹132 crore underway.
  • Development of major Green Hydrogen Hubs in Kandla, Paradip, and Tuticorin.

• New Schemes Launched:

  • Green Hydrogen Certification Scheme.
  • Green Hydrogen Safety Panel.
  • National Single Window Portal for Green Hydrogen & Electrolyser Manufacturing.

• Market Dynamics:

  • Highlighted price projections: Green hydrogen expected to drop below $2/kg by 2030, influenced by reductions in renewable energy costs.
  • Comparison of energy costs: Solar and hybrid power at ₹4.5 per unit vs. thermal power at ₹6.5 per unit.
  • Impact of GST cuts on renewable energy equipment:
    • Reduced to 5% which will lower solar pump costs for farmers by ₹1,750 crore.
    • Roof solar systems costs reduction of ₹9,000–10,500 per unit.

• Strategic Agreements:

  • Seven strategic MoUs signed, worth ₹25,560 crore; projected to create 22,600 jobs and develop Vidarbha as India’s steel hub.

• Future Outlook:

  • Emphasis on readiness for global trade measures like the EU’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM).
  • Vision for exporting up to 50 million tonnes of steel annually amidst expanding FTAs and domestic reforms.

• AIIFA Overview:

  • Represents over 1,800 members in the steel manufacturing sector advocating for sustainable growth and advancements in steel-making technology.
  • Aims at enhancing product quality while reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

• Green Certification:

  • Launched to recognize steel manufacturers excelling in decarbonization and energy efficiency.

• Key Quotes:

  • Union Minister: "Green steel is now viable and scalable... rooted in affordability, quality, and environmental responsibility."
  • Chief Minister: Acknowledged the emergence of a new market for green steel, underscoring collective responsibility for strategic progress.

• Conclusion:

  • The concerted efforts in promoting green steel and hydrogen technologies are positioned as critical for India’s industrial transformation and sustainable future.

• Bilateral Relations: Greek Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis and Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi discussed bilateral ties, focusing on trade, investment, and defence cooperation.

• India-EU Free Trade Agreement (FTA): Mitsotakis expressed Greece's support for the early conclusion of a mutually beneficial India-EU FTA during a phone call with Modi.

• Negotiation Status: The 13th negotiation round for the India-EU FTA was recently held in New Delhi, with 11 chapters already concluded. These chapters cover:

  • Customs and trade facilitation
  • Dispute settlement mechanisms
  • Digital trade
  • Sustainable food systems
  • Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)
  • Competition and subsidies
  • Capital movements

• Economic Indicators: The European Union is India's largest trading partner, with bilateral trade in goods reaching $135 billion in the financial year 2023-24.

• Future Events: Mitsotakis endorsed the success of the AI Impact Summit, which India will host in 2026.

• Strategic Partnership: Both leaders reaffirmed their commitment to enhancing the India-Greece strategic partnership across various sectors, including:

  • Trade
  • Investment
  • Technology
  • Shipping
  • Defence
  • Security
  • Connectivity
  • People-to-people ties

• Cultural Exchange: Mitsotakis also conveyed birthday wishes to Modi, showcasing the personal rapport between the two leaders.

These points encapsulate the strategic discussions and commitments between India and Greece while also highlighting significant economic data and diplomatic engagements.

Summary of India's Manufacturing Momentum and Relevant Policies

Economic Performance

• Index of Industrial Production (IIP): Rose by 3.5% YoY in July 2025, significantly higher than 1.5% in June 2025.
• Manufacturing Growth: Increased by 5.4% YoY in July 2025, up from 3.7% in June 2025.
• Unemployment Rate: Decreased to 5.0% among males, reaching a 5-month low in August 2025.
• Manufacturing Export Performance: Merchandise exports rose by 2.52% YoY to US$ 184.13 billion for April-August 2025.

Government Schemes and Policies

• Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme: A flagship program providing financial incentives aimed at boosting various sectors including electronics, pharmaceuticals, and textiles.
• Prime Minister MITRA (PM MITRA) Scheme: Backed by ₹4,445 crore funding, aims to attract ₹70,000 crore in investment and generate approximately 20 lakh jobs through seven mega textile parks.
• National Manufacturing Mission (NMM): Announced to unify various manufacturing policies, emphasizing sustainability and enhancing clean-tech manufacturing in line with India’s net-zero 2070 commitment.

Sector-specific Insights

• Electronics:
  • Sixfold increase in production over 11 years, with an eightfold rise in exports.
  • Mobile manufacturing expanded from 2 units to 300, with mobile exports increasing from ₹1,500 crore to ₹2 lakh crore.
• Pharmaceuticals:
  • Ranked 3rd globally by volume, supplying over 50% of global vaccine demand.
  • Growth projection to reach USD 130 billion by 2030.
• Automobiles:
  • Contributes 7.1% to GDP and 49% to manufacturing GDP.
  • Total production for FY25 exceeded 3.10 crore units.
• Textiles:
  • Contributes 2.3% to GDP and targeted to grow to USD 350 billion by 2030, creating 3.5 crore jobs.

Investment Trends

• Total FDI inflows from 2014-2025 reached USD 748.78 billion, with significant growth in manufacturing FDI to USD 19.04 billion in FY 2024-25.
• Maharashtra (39%), Karnataka (13%), and Delhi (12%) were top recipients of FDI.

Employment and Skill Development

• Over 17 crore jobs created in the last decade, with recent data showing a Worker Population Ratio (WPR) of 52.2% and female WPR at 32%.
• Skill India Programme: A restructuring with a budget of ₹8,800 crore, incorporating several vocational initiatives.

Infrastructure Initiatives

• National Industrial Corridor Development Programme: Aims to integrate new industrial areas with robust connectivity, supported by a ₹28,602 crore investment approval for 12 new projects.

Forward-looking Statements

• India aims for a $35 trillion vision by 2047, with manufacturing as a central growth engine.
• The proactive policy framework, reform initiatives, and resilience exhibited despite global uncertainties indicate a clear trajectory towards achieving global manufacturing leadership.

Key International Agreements

• India is increasingly positioned as a critical player within global supply chains, enhancing opportunities for international trade and investment.

Conclusion

India’s robust manufacturing landscape is supported by strategic government policies, strong sectoral performances, and persistent efforts to enhance skill development and infrastructure. These initiatives collectively aim to position India as a formidable global manufacturing hub, aligning with broader economic growth objectives leading to a sustainable future.

Summary of Key Points on Chabahar Port and US Sanctions Waiver Withdrawal

• Chabahar Port Development:

  • Located at the mouth of the Gulf of Oman, Chabahar is Iran’s first deepwater port.
  • It offers Iran an opportunity to engage in global trade and potentially mitigate Western sanctions.
  • Strategic for India as it provides a trade route to Afghanistan and Central Asia, bypassing Pakistan.

• International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC):

  • Chabahar port is part of the INSTC, which connects the Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf to the Caspian Sea, extending to northern Europe via Russia.

• Historical Background:

  • India's interest in Chabahar began with talks in 2002, formalized through a strategic cooperation roadmap in 2003 between India and Iran.
  • Increasing cooperation post-1996 due to mutual interest against the Taliban and Pakistan's influence.

• Chabahar Port Development Timeline:

  • 2016: India, Iran, and Afghanistan signed a trilateral agreement for Chabahar development.
  • 2017: First phase of Shahid Beheshti port opens; India sends wheat to Afghanistan.
  • 2019: Capacity increased to 5.8 million tonnes after modern cruise terminal construction.
  • Future plans involve expanding capacity to 82 million tonnes with 32 jetties across four phases.

• Economic Indicators:

  • Investment: ₹100 crore allocated by India for Chabahar in 2023, with a total of ₹200 crore for Afghanistan development aid.
  • Exports: In 2019, Afghan exports began passing through the port for the first time.

• US Sanctions Waiver Revocation:

  • The US has revoked the sanctions waiver for Chabahar, effective September 29, 2025, under the Iran Freedom and Counter-Proliferation Act (IFCA).
  • This action aligns with the Trump administration's “maximum pressure” policy against Iran, which began with the withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) in 2018.

• Implications for India:

  • The withdrawal of the waiver represents a significant setback for India’s strategic plans concerning Chabahar and its access to Central Asia and Afghanistan.
  • India’s ability to collaborate with international suppliers is likely hindered due to the current sanctions regime.

• Geopolitical Context:

  • The development of Gwadar port in Pakistan by China as part of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has elevated the strategic importance of Chabahar for India.

• Challenges in Development:

  • Historically slow infrastructure project implementation by India due to geopolitical factors and complications in relations with the US per its policy towards Iran.

Important References:

• Articles of Interest:
  • The Chabahar project aligns with India's broader geopolitical strategy and economic goals in the region.
• Judicial and International Agreements:
  • The JCPOA (2015) initially improved US-Iran relations but deteriorated following the US withdrawal in 2018.

Conclusions:

The US's withdrawal of the sanctions waiver has critical implications for India’s engagement with Iran, potentially affecting regional trade dynamics, especially concerning access to Afghanistan and Central Asia.

Summary Notes on Surajpur's Child Marriage Eradication Initiative

• Location and Achievement: Surajpur district, Chhattisgarh, has declared 75 village panchayats as “Child Marriage-Free Panchayats” as of 17 September 2025.

• Criteria for Declaration: This recognition was granted after no cases of child marriage were reported in these panchayats over the past two years.

• Campaign Initiative: The declaration is part of the “Healthy Women, Empowered Families” campaign coinciding with National Nutrition Month.

• Awareness and Community Participation:

  • The Women and Child Development Department played a pivotal role through sustained initiatives and community engagement.
  • Actions included awareness drives, mobilization of Anganwadi workers, and involvement of local leaders and organizations.
  • Programs focused on child rights, education's importance, and immediate intervention against reported child marriages fostered a societal mindset shift towards prioritizing education and health.

• Impact on Health and Nutrition:

  • Experts noted that preventing child marriage directly correlates with better maternal and child health outcomes.
  • It reduces risks such as malnutrition, anemia, and both maternal and infant mortality.
  • Longer education for girls contributes to delayed marriage and childbirth, promoting healthier and empowered families.

• Campaign Background:

  • The “Child Marriage-Free Chhattisgarh Campaign” was launched on 10 March 2024, led by Chief Minister Vishnu Deo Sai and supported by UNICEF.
  • The campaign seeks to achieve sustainable social change through continuous awareness and community involvement.

• Expansion and Future Goals:

  • Surajpur’s success serves as an inspirational model, leading to similar initiatives in other districts of Chhattisgarh.
  • Other districts with no recorded child marriages will also be eligible for “Child Marriage-Free” certification.
  • The state government aims to declare Chhattisgarh as a “Child Marriage-Free State” in the coming years by enhancing monitoring, promoting education, and ensuring active community participation.

• Societal Change and Legislative Effectiveness:

  • The initiative highlights the necessity of societal involvement in complementing legal frameworks and administration for effective change against child marriage.
  • Collective efforts can transform social attitudes and create lasting impacts beyond mere legislative measures.

• Conclusion: Surajpur’s initiative underscores the possibility of eradicating child marriage with strong community engagement, awareness, and government commitment, seeking to reshape Chhattisgarh's social landscape.

Summary of Preventive Health Activities under Swasth Nari, Sashakt Parivar Abhiyan

• Initiative Overview: The Swasth Nari, Sashakt Parivar Abhiyan is a Government of India program aimed at improving preventive healthcare for women and families through activities organized by ESIC Hospitals across the country.

• Date of Significant Activities: 18th September 2025.

Activities at ESIC Hospital, Gurugram (Haryana)

• In-Hospital Health Camps:

  • Screenings offered for several health issues: diabetes, haemoglobin levels, oral cancer, breast cancer, tuberculosis (TB), cervical cancer, and antenatal care (ANC) registrations.
  • Specialized consultations: ENT check-ups and eye examinations (glaucoma and cataract screenings).
  • Focus on both lifestyle-related conditions and communicable diseases.

• Health Awareness Talk:

  • Session on “Immunization in Pregnant Women and Children” aimed at emphasizing the importance of vaccinations for maternal and child health.
  • Interactive format to encourage patient engagement and clarify doubts regarding preventive healthcare.

• Outreach Camp at Vinay Corporation:

  • Screening of 45 employees for diabetes, hypertension, anaemia, and other prevalent conditions.
  • Provision of timely medical advice and health counseling brought directly to the workplace.

Activities at ESIC Hospital, Peenya (Bengaluru, Karnataka)

• Outreach Camp at Indian Design Exports Pvt. Ltd.:

  • Health camp screened 75 insured persons (68 women, 7 men) with a questionnaire-based approach for non-communicable diseases and TB.
  • Clinical screenings for hypertension, diabetes, anaemia, and cancers conducted alongside counseling on lifestyle disorders, menstrual hygiene, vaccination, and nutrition.

• Hospital-based Registrations and Screenings:

  • 50 female insured persons and their dependents registered; services included women’s health check-ups for issues like white discharge and anaemia, cervical cancer screening (Pap smear), breast cancer checks, and monitoring for hypertension and diabetes.
  • Oral malignancy and dental hygiene checks also performed.

• Awareness Building:

  • Beneficiaries educated on the use of digital tools, particularly the AAA App, to improve health access and information.

Importance of Activities

• These activities illustrate ESIC's commitment to making preventive healthcare accessible, affordable, and community-oriented.
• The blend of hospital services and industrial outreach reflects a holistic approach to empowering women and families through health knowledge, early diagnosis, and timely interventions.

Key Takeaways

• Constitutional References: The activities align with the fundamental rights to health as enshrined in Article 21 of the Indian Constitution, emphasizing the right to life, which includes the right to health.
• Government Schemes: The campaign is part of a broader health initiative under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare aimed at enhancing women’s and family health in India.
• Public Health Focus: The ESIC’s focus on preventive health showcases a proactive rather than reactive approach to healthcare, crucial for managing both communicable and non-communicable diseases within the population.
• Community Engagement: The outreach efforts highlight the importance of engaging the workforce and local communities in health awareness and preventive measures.

• Global Migration Statistics: Approximately 4% of the world's population, over 300 million people, live outside their country of birth, whether legally or illegally.

• Migration Dynamics: The treatment and status of migrants vary significantly; white-collar professionals and "golden visa" holders enjoy rights similar to citizens, while labor migrants often face challenges and prejudice.

• Moral Implications of Migration: Migrants, especially those seeking basic economic opportunities, are central characters in contemporary moral discussions about immigration, state control, and cultural preservation.

• Political Context: The rise of nationalist sentiments in countries like the UK and the US is fueled by narratives portraying migration as a threat to national identity and security, highlighting calls for stronger border controls. Political figures like Nigel Farage, Tommy Robinson in the UK, and supporters of Donald Trump's “Make America Great Again” (MAGA) movement resonate with this viewpoint.

• Cultural Dynamics: The concept of culture as a commodity faces challenges from migrants who alter cultural landscapes, contrasting with the view that culture should remain unchanged and "pristine." This perspective is often linked to nostalgia for a so-called "Golden Age" when cultural homogeneity was idealized.

• Historical Responsibility: The article raises critical questions about the roles of historical colonialism and self-interested international policies in creating migrations and refugee crises, emphasizing the need for deeper reflection on the origins of these issues.

• Societal Narratives: There is a tendency in public discourse to simplify complex migration issues through morality tales that define clear villains, shifting responsibility away from systemic conditions that lead to migration and refugee crises.

• Impacts of Globalization: Despite economic and financial globalization facilitating the movement of capital, similar opportunities and acceptance are not extended to migrants, highlighting a contradiction in how migrant contributions are perceived versus those of transnational corporations.

• Emerging Concerns: Recent rhetoric surrounding migration often frames migrants, refugees, and asylum-seekers in moral terms, positioning them as necessary challenges for host nations to address, which reinforces existing societal tensions and prejudices.

Summary of Key Information from the Ministry of Tribal Affairs Workshop on DAPST

• Event Date and Purpose:

  • A workshop on the Development Action Plan for Scheduled Tribes (DAPST) was held on September 16, 2025, in New Delhi to address development gaps for tribal communities.

• Outcome-Oriented Dialogue:

  • The workshop underscored the importance of outcome-oriented dialogue for effective allocation of DAPST funds, as highlighted by the JS&FA (Joint Secretary & Financial Advisor) of the Ministry of Tribal Affairs (MoTA).

• Adi Karmyogi Abhiyaan:

  • Introduction of the Adi Karmyogi Abhiyaan, aimed at transforming tribal governance via bottom-up planning, was a focal point of discussion.

• Funding Allocation:

  • Under DAPST:
    • 41 Ministries/Departments are required to allocate a specified percentage (between 4.3% to 17.5%) of their total scheme budget for the socio-economic upliftment of Scheduled Tribes (STs), based on NITI Aayog guidelines.

• Development Gaps:

  • The MoTA acknowledged the continuing gaps in development despite increased fund allocations, emphasizing effective utilization to maximize impact.

• Cluster Breakout Sessions:

  • Participants engaged in cluster-wise breakout sessions to discuss specific schemes and their challenges, focusing on expanding outreach and enhancing support for larger tribal populations.

• Janjatiya Gaurav Varsh:

  • The initiative coincides with the Janjatiya Gaurav Varsh, running from November 15, 2024, to November 15, 2025, aimed at celebrating tribal heritage and achievements.

• Village Action Plans (VAPs):

  • The workshop introduced a village visioning exercise to identify needs at the village level. VAPs will align with specific DAPST schemes to address the unique requirements of tribal communities effectively.

• Commitment to Empowerment:

  • The Ministry of Tribal Affairs reaffirmed its commitment to empower tribal communities and promote inclusive growth while ensuring benefits reach marginalized populations.

• Key Initiatives and Effects:

  • The Adi Karmyogi Abhiyaan is designed to develop grassroots leadership for tribal governance and enhance participatory planning processes.

The workshop exemplifies the government’s holistic approach to tribal welfare, integrating various sectors and encouraging ministries to focus on the unique needs of tribal populations through targeted funding and strategies.

• New National Policy on Geothermal Energy: India's recent policy announced by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) aims to enhance geothermal energy utilization, leveraging international collaboration for commercial viability.

• International Collaborations: Research firms from the US, Iceland, and Norway are interested in pilot projects in regions like the Gulf of Cambay, Arunachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand. The government seeks to explore technological collaborations with the US and Indonesia for enhanced geothermal systems.

• Geothermal Energy Basics: Geothermal energy is harnessed from the Earth's heat, capable of generating electricity through steam. It utilizes hot water springs and deep reservoirs, with applications in heating, cooling, greenhouses, and aquaculture.

• Detection of Hot Springs: The Geological Survey of India (GSI) has identified 381 hot springs across India, with surface temperatures ranging from 35°C to 89°C.

• Estimation of Geothermal Potential: India has an estimated geothermal potential of 10.6 gigawatts (GW), primarily located in:

  • Himalayan Geothermal Province: Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir, Arunachal Pradesh.
  • Cambay Graben: Gujarat, including abandoned oil wells.
  • Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

• Economic Impact: Utilizing geothermal energy could significantly reduce electricity costs in remote areas, e.g., Andaman's costs could drop from ₹30-32 per unit to about ₹10-11; Ladakh’s heating needs can also be met with geothermal sources.

• Global Context: Less than 17 GW of geothermal energy is currently harnessed worldwide, with the US, Indonesia, and Philippines leading. The International Energy Agency (IEA) predicts India's geothermal capacity could reach 4.2 GW by 2035 and nearly 100 GW by 2045, attributing significant market potential to China, the US, and India.

• Refurbishing Oil Wells: Oil and gas firms are repurposing abandoned wells for geothermal energy. IIT Madras is piloting a project in Barmer, Rajasthan, aimed at retrofitting unproductive oil wells to generate electricity.

• Funding Challenges: The developement costs stand at approximately ₹36 crore per megawatt (MW). The new policy includes financial support for R&D and pilot projects and suggests a Viability Gap Funding (VGF) scheme.

• Policy Framework: The MNRE's National Policy on Geothermal Energy facilitates cooperation between stakeholders, including the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, and supports the commercial design and technical feasibility of geothermal projects.

• Future Directions: The MNRE aims to expedite project approvals, having already sanctioned five projects since the policy's announcement. The policy responds to previous recommendations from a task force established in August 2024 to harness geothermal energy in India.

These key points summarize India's initiatives and strategies in developing geothermal energy, highlighting potential economic benefits, international collaborations, and challenges faced in the sector.

Summary of HCL and OIL MoU for Critical Mineral Collaboration

• Date of MoU: September 19, 2025.

• Parties Involved:

  • Hindustan Copper Limited (HCL):

    • Status: Miniratna PSU under the Ministry of Mines.
    • Focus: Mining, production, processing, and marketing of copper and related products.
    • Current Activities: Mining and beneficiation of copper ore; sale of copper concentrate.

  • Oil India Limited (OIL):

    • Status: Maharatna PSU under the Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas.
    • Focus: Integrated oil and gas exploration, development, production, and transportation.

• Objective of MoU:

  • To collaborate on the exploration and development of critical and strategic minerals, particularly copper and associated minerals.
  • To boost India's self-reliance in critical mineral sourcing.

• Strategic Importance:

  • Aligns with the Government of India’s National Critical Mineral Mission aimed at enhancing mineral security.
  • Supports India’s energy security, industrial growth, and technological advancement.

• Key Figures:

  • Representatives present during the signing: Mr. Sanjiv Kumar Singh (Chairman and Managing Director, HCL) and Dr. Ranjit Rath (Chairman & Managing Director, OIL).

• Significance of Critical Minerals:

  • Recognized as essential for the development and sustainability of various sectors, including energy and technology.

This collaboration marks a significant development in India's approach to securing critical mineral resources necessary for its energy and industrial strategies.

• Sovereign Rating Upgrade: India's long-term sovereign credit rating upgraded to 'BBB+' (Stable) by Rating and Investment Information, Inc. (R&I), marking the third upgrade this year, following S&P and Morningstar DBRS adjustments.

• Global Recognition: The upgrades reflect increasing global confidence in India's macroeconomic fundamentals, prudent fiscal management, and medium-term growth prospects amidst global uncertainties.

• Economic Indicators: Features strong demographic dividend, robust domestic demand, stabilization of external stability through a modest current account deficit, and low external debt-to-GDP ratio.

• Government Management: Affirmation of effective fiscal consolidation, buoyant tax revenues, and reduced fiscal deficit through strategic reductions in subsidies and increased capital expenditure.

• Domestic Demand Performance: The report highlights limited risks in the financial system and recognizes the impact of increased tariffs by the U.S. as manageable due to India’s focus on domestic demand-driven growth.

• Future Policies: Recognition of the government's focus on attracting foreign manufacturing, improving infrastructure, and ensuring economic security through reduced energy import dependency.

• Commitment to Growth: Government of India aims to maintain momentum in fiscal prudence and macroeconomic stability while fostering inclusive and high-quality growth.

• Manufacturing Growth: India's Index of Industrial Production (IIP) grew by 3.5% YoY in July 2025, driven by a 5.4% increase in manufacturing, significant compared to a previous 1.5% in June 2025.

• Policy Initiatives: The government implements several flagship schemes such as Production Linked Incentive (PLI), National Manufacturing Mission (NMM), and Pradhan Mantri MITRA to boost the manufacturing ecosystem by enhancing capacities and creating jobs.

• Exports Performance: Total merchandise exports rose by 2.52% YoY to $184.13 billion from April to August 2025, reflecting the resilience of India's manufacturing sector amid global uncertainties.

• Employment Figures: The overall unemployment rate dropped to 5.1%, with male unemployment reaching a 5-month low of 5.0% in August 2025, showcasing improvements in job creation, especially in manufacturing.

• Electronics Sector Growth: India’s electronics production surged to ₹11.3 lakh crore in FY 2025, with mobile phone manufacturing expanding from 2 to 300 units in a decade. Electronics exports grew eightfold, highlighting India's shift from a large importer to a global hub.

• Pharmaceuticals Industry: Ranked 3rd globally by volume, the Indian pharmaceutical sector is projected to grow to $130 billion by 2030, supported by the PLI Scheme and improving global competitiveness.

• Automotive Industry Impact: Contributing 7.1% to GDP and 49% to manufacturing GDP, India’s automotive sector produced over 3.10 crore vehicles in FY 2025, emphasizing its strategic significance in economic growth.

• Textile Sector Potential: The textile and apparel industry is expected to grow to $350 billion by 2030, generating 3.5 crore jobs, with government investment in PM MITRA Parks aimed at boosting manufacturing in this sector.

• Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): FDI inflows into India's manufacturing sector accelerated to $19.04 billion in FY 2024-25, indicating increased international confidence and investment, led predominantly by Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Delhi.

• Skill Development Initiatives: The restructured Skill India Programme has an allocation of ₹8,800 crore (approximately $1.1 billion) to enhance workforce alignment with industry needs, supporting the government’s vision of creating a skilled labor force.

• National Logistics Policy: Launched to improve logistics efficiency by integrating digital systems, striving to reduce logistics costs, and aiming for India's ranking in the World Bank’s Logistics Performance Index to be among the top 25 by 2030.

• Future Outlook: India's vision to reach a $35 trillion economy by 2047 is anchored in enhancing manufacturing’s contribution to GDP through sustained policy reforms, promotion of innovation, and robust global supply chain participation.

Summary of ESIC's Participation in Swasth Nari, Sashakt Parivar Abhiyan

The Employees’ State Insurance Corporation (ESIC) is actively implementing the Swasth Nari, Sashakt Parivar Abhiyan to promote accessible and preventive healthcare for women and families across India. Significant activities occurred on September 18, 2025, at ESIC hospitals in Gurugram and Bengaluru.

• Program Overview:

  • A national initiative aimed at enhancing preventive healthcare for women and families as part of government commitments.

• Activities in Gurugram:

  • Health Camps: Participants underwent screenings for diseases such as diabetes, tuberculosis, cervical cancer, and breast cancer.
  • Specialized consultations included ENT check-ups and comprehensive eye examinations.
  • Health Awareness Sessions: Focused on the importance of vaccinations for pregnant women and children, enhancing public understanding of preventive measures.
  • Outreach Programs: Conducted screenings directly at workplaces for industrial workers, covering 45 individuals for common health conditions.

• Activities in Bengaluru:

  • Outreach Camp: Held at Indian Design Exports Pvt. Ltd., screening 75 employees (68 women and 7 men) for diseases and providing lifestyle counseling.
  • Hospital Registrations and Screenings: 50 female insured persons were registered and screened for health issues, including cervical cancer, hypertension, and diabetes.
  • Awareness Programs: Beneficiaries were educated on using digital tools like the AAA App for better health access and information.

• Goal and Vision:

  • The initiative aims to provide affordable, community-oriented healthcare, empower women by promoting health knowledge, and ensure early diagnosis and timely interventions.

These activities represent ESIC’s commitment to health promotion, aligning with national health policies focused on maternal and child welfare and preventive health measures.

• The AIIFA STEELEX 2025 and the 37th National Conference on Sustainable Steel were inaugurated in Mumbai by Union Minister Pralhad Joshi and Maharashtra Chief Minister Devendra Fadnavis on September 19, 2025.
• The conference highlights green steel as a national priority, aiming for sustainable and environmentally responsible practices in India’s steel industry.
• The Maharashtra Green Hydrogen Policy sets an ambitious target of achieving 5 lakh TPA of Green Hydrogen capacity by 2030, alongside the implementation of the PM-KUSUM scheme aimed at promoting renewable energy.
• The National Green Hydrogen Mission (NGHM) has an outlay of ₹19,744 crore, targeting the production of 5 million metric tonnes of green hydrogen annually by 2030, creating 6 lakh jobs, and preventing 50 million tonnes of CO₂ emissions yearly.
• Expected reductions in green hydrogen prices to below $2/kg by 2030 are attributed to lower solar power costs and recent GST reductions on renewable energy equipment which amount to 5 percent for related infrastructure.
• Seven strategic MoUs worth ₹25,560 crore were signed at the event, projected to create 22,600 jobs and position Vidarbha as India’s steel hub.
• The new Green Certificate was also launched to recognize the efforts of steel manufacturers excelling in decarbonization and energy efficiency.
• The event emphasized the importance of adopting circular economy models and preparing for global trade measures like the EU’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM).
• With ongoing investments and policy support, the Indian steel industry's export potential aims to reach 50 million tonnes annually, supported by reforms and future-ready strategies.

Overall, the conference fostered collaboration between stakeholders to accelerate the transition to sustainable steel production, showcasing India's leadership in green energy initiatives.

Summary of the Workshop on Development Action Plan for Scheduled Tribes

• Event Details: The Ministry of Tribal Affairs (MoTA) organized a workshop on September 16, 2025, at the Dr. Ambedkar International Centre, New Delhi, focusing on the Development Action Plan for Scheduled Tribes (DAPST).

• Key Highlights:

  • The workshop addressed persistent development gaps for tribal communities despite increased funding allocations.
  • Discussions emphasized the importance of outcome-oriented dialogue regarding fund allocation under DAPST, as referenced by the Joint Secretary of the MoTA.
  • The Adi Karmyogi Abhiyaan was highlighted as a transformative governance initiative aimed at enhancing tribal governance through bottom-up planning.

• Funding Framework:

  • Under DAPST, 41 ministries/departments are required to allocate between 4.3% to 17.5% of their budget toward the socio-economic upliftment of Scheduled Tribes, as per NITI Aayog guidelines.
  • This allocation will cover various sectors including education, health, agriculture, housing, and skill development.

• Strategic Initiatives:

  • The Janjatiya Gaurav Varsh (November 15, 2024 - November 15, 2025) is a significant year commemorating tribal heritage and efforts to enhance tribal welfare.
  • The Village Visioning Exercise aims to identify specific developmental needs within tribal communities at the village level, leading to the creation of Village Action Plans (VAPs).

• Implementation Focus:

  • Challenges related to the efficient utilization of DAPST funds were discussed with an aim to ensure the intended benefits reach tribal populations.
  • Collaborations between ministries will focus on expanding outreach and improving the coverage of tribal welfare initiatives across the country.

• Goals of MoTA: The Ministry remains committed to empowering tribal communities, ensuring inclusive growth, and utilizing DAPST funds effectively to address specific tribal requirements and bridge existing development gaps.

This framework established during the workshop is integral to enhancing governance and promoting sustainable development specifically tailored to the needs of Scheduled Tribes in India.