Exam-Focused Notes on China-India Diplomatic Relations and Global Governance

Key Dates and Milestones:

• 2025: 75th anniversary of diplomatic relations between China and India (Established April 1, 1950).
• 2014-2024: Xi Jinping and Narendra Modi met 18 times, reinforcing bilateral ties.
• October 2024: Bilateral meeting during the 16th BRICS summit in Kazan.
• 2023: Talks held on the sidelines of the BRICS summit in Johannesburg.

Major Meetings and Initiatives:

• 2014: Declared the Year of China-India Friendly Exchanges with significant visits.
• SCO Summit (2025): Anticipated to address bilateral relations, multilateralism, and global governance challenges.

Bilateral Relations:

• Mutual trust and respect emphasized by both leaders.
• Xi's proposal for improving relations includes:
  1. Strengthening strategic communication.
  2. Expanding exchanges for mutual benefit.
  3. Accommodating each other's concerns.
  4. Coordinating multilateral efforts.

Global Governance Initiative (GGI):

1. Sovereign Equality: Respect for all countries’ sovereignty and dignity.
2. International Rule of Law: Adherence to UN Charter principles and norms.
3. Multilateralism: Inclusive decision-making in global affairs through the UN.
4. People-Centered Approach: Focus on betterment and development for all nations.
5. Real Results: Addressing global issues with effective, sustainable solutions.

Challenges and Responses:

• Recognizing the rise of unilateralism, protectionism, and other harmful “isms” threatening global stability.
• Emphasis on reforming the global governance system to prevent regressive global practices.

Constitutional and Legal References:

• UN Charter: Basis for many principles within the GGI, including sovereignty and rule of law.
• Commitments under SCO and BRICS frameworks: Central to both nations' diplomatic strategies.

International Context:

• The shifting global order towards multipolarity and Asia's growing significance noted as vital for future cooperation.
• The need to promote solidarity among developing countries for continued progress.

Judicial Decisions and Reports:

• While no specific judicial rulings were mentioned, ongoing global governance discussions often intersect with international law principles and UN resolutions.

Economic Insights:

• Collaboration between China and India could significantly influence the economic landscape and promote multilateralism in international trade and investment.

Science & Technology Collaboration:

• The potential for joint efforts in technology, particularly in response to global challenges (e.g. health crises, climate change).

Conclusion

Success in China-India relations can enhance regional stability and contribute to a stronger, more equitable system of global governance. Both nations are seen as pivotal players in maintaining international balance and advancing the interests of the developing world.

• Context: Recent developments in the Russia-Ukraine war, involving U.S. President Donald Trump's position following a meeting with Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy.

• Key Statements:

  • Trump urged both Kyiv and Moscow to "stop where they are," advocating for an immediate end to hostilities.
  • Suggested both sides should claim victory and let history decide the outcomes of territorial disputes, implying a potential acceptance of Russian-held territory.

• Trump's Position Shift:

  • His recent comments indicated growing impatience with Russia and appeared to express greater support for Ukraine's territorial integrity compared to past positions.
  • Following a phone call with Russian President Vladimir Putin, Trump expressed intentions of negotiating directly with Russia and indicated reluctance to supply long-range Tomahawk missiles to Ukraine.

• Zelenskyy's Response:

  • Emphasized the need for a ceasefire and negotiations, aligning with Trump's call to "stop where they are" without definitively agreeing to territorial concessions.

• International Relations:

  • Trump plans to meet with Putin in Budapest, Hungary in the upcoming weeks, aiming to address the ongoing conflict directly at the international level.

• Historical Context:

  • Since the start of the Russian invasion in February 2022, territorial losses by Ukraine have been significant, fueling international debates on support and response strategies.

• Economic Indicators:

  • Economic ramifications from the war continue to affect U.S.-Russia relations, particularly in the energy sector, with mentions of Russia remaining a top oil producer despite international pressures.

• Conflict Statistics:

  • As of the current date, the conflict has resulted in significant loss of life and property, emphasizing urgency in diplomatic negotiations.

• Conclusion: The evolving U.S. stance reflects a complex balance of supporting Ukraine while also seeking to engage in direct dialogue with Russia, amidst ongoing calls for peace and the importance of future international negotiations.

Summary of Key Points

International Peacekeeping and India's Role

• President Droupadi Murmu highlighted India's contributions to international peacekeeping, asserting that Indian peacekeepers have built goodwill in conflict-affected regions.
• India is the largest democracy and emphasizes multilateralism in alignment with the United Nations Charter principles.
• The United Nations has rolled out 71 different peacekeeping missions since its inception, with India being a significant contributor.

Current Deployment Statistics

• Approximately 68,000 personnel are currently serving in 11 UN peacekeeping operations.
• Over 90% of these personnel are uniformed, indicating a strong military representation.

Gender Inclusion in Peacekeeping

• The President noted substantial advancements in gender inclusion within India's peacekeeping, with women peacekeepers playing a vital role in empowering local communities and enhancing trust in strife-torn areas.

Technology and Peacekeeping

• Emphasized the potential of technology to strengthen international peacekeeping efforts, advocating for frameworks that amplify the voices of troop-contributing countries.

Event Details

• The remarks came during the Army Chiefs’ Conclave for United Nations Troop Contributing Countries held from October 14-16, 2025, at the Manekshaw Centre in New Delhi, underscoring the significance of collaborative international dialogues on peacekeeping.

Broader Impact

• The President called for a collective effort to foster security and harmony globally, highlighting the imperative of a world where every child is safe and every community can thrive, assuring that conflicts should be relegated to history.

This encapsulated summary reflects the essential facts, figures, and objectives discussed in the meeting concerning India’s role in international peacekeeping and the importance of gender inclusion and technological innovation within this space.

Summary of Key Points

International Relations:

• U.S. President Donald Trump confirmed that Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi indicated India will stop buying oil from Russia.
• This pledge is perceived as a significant step in economic isolation efforts against Russia amid the ongoing conflict in Ukraine.
• The cessation of oil purchases would mark a transformative moment in global energy diplomacy, as India is a substantial customer of Russian oil.

Economic Impact:

• The shift in Indian energy procurement could potentially influence other nations that are still importing Russian oil, altering global energy markets.
• Trump's statement highlighted a strategy to use bilateral relationships for economic isolation rather than relying solely on multilateral sanctions.

Diplomatic Statements:

• Trump characterized Modi as a "great man" and noted the close relationship between the two leaders.
• The U.S. is also looking to pressure China into a similar cessation of Russian oil imports.

Process and Timeline:

• Trump stated that the halt in oil imports cannot be immediate, emphasizing that it is a gradual process expected to conclude soon.

Contextual Importance

• This development could reshape geopolitical dynamics regarding energy security and international sanctions against Russia.
• The commitment from India, if confirmed, would signal a tactical realignment in its foreign policy concerning energy sources.
• The implications for markets and bilateral relations necessitate observation of subsequent actions by both the Indian government and other nations reliant on Russian energy.

Notable Considerations:

• The Indian government's official stance and confirmation are yet to be publicly stated or clarified.
• The impact on India’s domestic energy strategy and relations with Russia would be crucial for assessing long-term consequences.

Overall, this event underscores the interplay between energy dependence, geopolitical strategies, and bilateral relations, especially amidst ongoing international conflicts.

Trade Data Summary - India and the US

1. Overall Trade Performance (September)

   • Total exports: $36.38 billion (up by 6.74% YoY from $34.08 billion).
   • Total imports: $68.53 billion (up by 16.6% YoY from $58.74 billion).
   • Trade deficit: $31.15 billion (highest in over a year).

2. Export and Import Breakdown

   • Exports to the US: Decreased by 12% YoY.
   • Exports to the UAE: Increased by 24.33% YoY.
   • Exports to China: Increased by 34.18% YoY.
   • Imports from the UAE: Increased by 16.35%.
   • Imports from China: Increased by 32.83%.

3. Specific Commodities

   • Gold imports: More than doubled to $9.6 billion (up 106.93% YoY).
   • Fertiliser imports: Increased by 202% to $2.3 billion.
   • Petroleum imports: Decreased by 5.85% to $14.03 billion.
   • Textiles, jute, carpets, and handicrafts exports: Decreased by 5-13%.

4. US Tariffs Impact

   • 25% reciprocal tariffs imposed on India by the US under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA) on July 31.
   • Additional 25% tariffs enforced effective August 27.
   • Estimated that these tariffs will impact 55% of Indian exports to the US, which accounted for $87 billion in 2024-25.

5. Economic Insights

   • The Commerce Secretary stated that the trade year has been tumultuous temporarily requiring recalibration of supply chains.
   • Services exports dropped by 5% to $30.82 billion.
   • A significant surge in exports of electronic goods, which surged by 58%.
   • Iron ore exports to China saw a 60% increase, indicating a shift in demand.

6. Manufacturing and Domestic Production

   • Calls for increased domestic manufacturing capabilities to counterbalance increasing imports, particularly in electronics and intermediate goods sectors.
   • A survey by the Confederation of Indian Textile Industry (CITI) indicated that 30% of respondents experienced turnover reductions of over 50%, primarily due to decreased demand from US buyers.

7. International Relations and Trade Negotiations

   • Discussion on potential increases in US oil imports to diversify energy sources.
   • Indian negotiators are currently in talks with the US for stronger trade relations, although affected by US government shutdown issues.

8. Future Outlook

   • The commerce ministry will evaluate ongoing data to better understand the impact of recent tariffs and trade conditions in the coming months.

This organized data highlights key facts and figures relevant to India's trade dynamics with the United States and indicates the ongoing challenges and strategies regarding imports and exports amid tariff changes.

Global Order and Geopolitical Shift Post-World War II

Historical Context

• The post-World War II order established by the Allied victory facilitated global stability through institutions like the United Nations and led by U.S. influence.
• This era, described as "Pax Americana," supported liberal democracy and open markets, promoting globalization.

Challenges to the Order

• The credibility of U.S. leadership was strained by historical events (e.g., Vietnam War, invasions of Iraq and Afghanistan).
• The 2008 financial crisis revealed weaknesses in the U.S.-led economic system.
• The presidency of Donald Trump marked a significant shift towards ultranationalism and a disdain for multilateral institutions.

New Global Dynamics

• China has positioned itself as a proponent of multilateralism and stability, critiquing U.S. foreign policy as hegemonic through platforms like the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation.
• Chinese President Xi Jinping emphasizes safeguarding the authority of the UN and promoting inclusive global economic cooperation.

Economic Indicators

• China has become the largest trading partner for over 100 countries, leveraging the Belt and Road Initiative to enhance its influence.
• Beijing's promise of predictable investment appeals to countries seeking economic growth amidst U.S. trade wars.

U.S. Foreign Policy Implications

• Trump’s policies have led to a retreat from international responsibilities (e.g., underfunding USAID, withdrawing from key U.N. agencies).
• This disengagement has weakened U.S. soft power and credibility, allowing rivals to gain ground.

Regional Responses

• Countries in the Global South have begun recalibrating their foreign policies, balancing between U.S. unpredictability and the pragmatic appeal of Chinese engagement.
• The decision-making is often based on strategic autonomy and economic interests rather than ideological alignment.

China’s Challenges

• China's assertiveness raises concerns, particularly regarding territorial disputes in the South China Sea and its relations with India and Pakistan.
• Additionally, its control over essential materials, like rare earth elements, poses risks for global supply chains.

Future Considerations for the U.S.

• The U.S. faces a critical choice between continuing isolationist policies or re-engaging globally to restore its leadership role.
• The ongoing competition for global legitimacy presents challenges and opportunities in a multipolar world.

Conclusion

The post-war consensus is in decline, leading to an emerging global contest characterized by transactional partnerships and shifting alliances. The future of global governance hinges on how the United States responds to these developments amidst rising Chinese influence and a changing geopolitical landscape.

Sri Lankan Prime Minister Harini Amarasuriya's Visit to India

• Visit Overview: This will be Prime Minister Harini Amarasuriya's first official visit to India since taking office. It follows her recent three-day visit to China.

• Bilateral Relations: The visit emphasizes the historical, cultural, and value-based ties between India and Sri Lanka. Key areas of focus for discussions include:

  • Trade
  • Investment
  • Education
  • Development

• Government Policies:

  • India’s “MAHASAGAR Vision” (Mutual and Holistic Advancement for Security and Growth Across Regions) was launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi to enhance India's relations with the Global South. It reinforces the “Neighbourhood First” policy aimed to strengthen ties with neighboring countries.

• Key Meetings and Events:

  • Meetings with top Indian political leaders.
  • Participation in the NDTV World Summit, where Amarasuriya will deliver a keynote address.
  • Visits to IIT Delhi and NITI Aayog to explore educational and technological collaborations.
  • Engagement in a business event to bolster commercial ties between India and Sri Lanka.

• Historical Context: The visit continues the tradition of regular high-level exchanges intended to advance deep bilateral ties.

• Recent Developments: Before this visit, Amarasuriya attended the Global Leaders’ Meeting on Women in China and engaged with notable Chinese leaders including Premier Li Qiang.

• Educational Connections: Amarasuriya is an alumna of Hindu College, demonstrating the educational links being leveraged for collaboration.

Additional Context:

• Regional Significance: The visit highlights the strategic relationship in the Indian Ocean and emphasizes cooperation in handling regional challenges.
• Economic Collaboration: Focus on enhancing trade ties aligns with broader economic goals between India and Sri Lanka, fostering growth and stability in both nations.

This visit underscores the importance of international diplomacy and collaboration in enhancing bilateral relations, as well as the significance of education and technology partnerships between nations.

Summary of Key Points on China-USA Trade War on Rare Earth Minerals

1. Context:

   • Ongoing trade tensions between the US and China, focusing on rare earth minerals.
   • Recent escalation by China includes a clampdown on rare earth exports, prompting President Trump to threaten a 100% tariff on Chinese imports.

2. Rare Earth Minerals:

   • Comprise 17 metallic elements, significant for high-tech applications across various industries (e.g., electronics, defense, green technologies).
   • Elements categorized as rare earths include lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, among others, often mischaracterized as rare due to their low concentration and high extraction costs.

3. Global Production:

   • Over 60% of mined rare earths come from China, with Beijing controlling over 90% of global processing.
   • Major reserves exist in Brazil, Australia, and India, but extraction and processing are minimal due to economic and environmental concerns.

4. China's Industrial Policy:

   • Since 1987, China's strategic control of rare earths has been a part of its broader industrial policy, enhancing its leverage in international trade.
   • Recent restrictions have expanded to include five more rare earth elements, increasing the total restrictions to twelve.

5. Technical and Industrial Applications:

   • Rare earth elements play vital roles in applications such as:
     • High-performance magnets (neodymium)
     • Electronics manufacturing
     • Green technology (electric vehicles, wind turbines)
     • Medical devices
   • Specific applications include glass polishing (cerium), catalysts for reducing emissions (lanthanum), and various advanced technologies.

6. US and Allies' Response:

   • The US seeks to reduce its dependence on China, with the Trump administration considering stockpiling deep-sea metals as an alternative source.
   • Japan has successfully re-established its supply chain for rare earths after previous trade restrictions.

7. Impact on India:

   • Limited domestic consumption of rare earths but rising demand noted with imports increasing from 1,848 tonnes in 2019-20 to 2,270 tonnes in 2023-24 (with 65% sourced from China).
   • Plans underway for increased domestic mining, including:
     • Seabed exploration in Andaman Sea for polymetallic nodules containing rare earths.
     • Establishment of a Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Park in Vizag and a Titanium Theme Park in Bhopal, supported by the Central government.

8. Future Prospects:

   • India aims to enhance its rare earth sector visibility and self-reliance through these initiatives.
   • The geopolitical landscape surrounding rare earths indicates potential volatility, with implications for international trade dynamics and technology supply chains.

Economic Data & Indicators:

• Increased imports of rare earths into India by 23%, highlighting growing demand.
• China’s processing capabilities far exceed India's current capacities (over 2 lakh tonnes refined in 2023).

Constitutional References and Policies:

• No specific constitutional articles or legislative references were provided in the article, but the national focus indicates significant economic policy implications and potential alignment with industrial strategies.

International Agreements:

• Direct engagements and negotiations anticipated in the context of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) meeting, emphasizing the role of rare earths in international trade discussions.

Conclusion:

The rare earth minerals issue is pivotal in US-China trade relations, impacting global supply chains and encouraging nations like India to develop their capabilities and reduce dependency on Chinese sources amidst geopolitical tensions.